Intro
Preface
About the Book
Contents
About the Editors
1: Introduction to High Altitude and Hypoxia
1.1 Introduction
1.2 High Altitude and Oxygen Availability
1.3 Acclimatization at High Altitude
1.3.1 Acute Mountain Sickness
1.3.2 High Altitude Cerebral Oedema (HACE)
1.3.2.1 Intracellular Oedema
1.3.2.2 Ionic Oedema
1.3.2.3 Vasogenic Oedema
1.3.3 High Altitude Pulmonary Oedema (HAPE)
1.4 Hypobaric Hypoxia and Brain
1.4.1 Brain as a Vulnerable Site of Oxidative Stress
1.4.2 Hypobaric Hypoxia and Memory Functions

1.5 Other Neurological Effects at High Altitude
References
2: High Altitude Sickness: Environmental Stressor and Altered Physiological Response
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 High Altitudes
2.1.2 Environment at High Altitudes and Defining ``Hypoxia ́́
2.1.2.1 Identifying the Concept of ``Hypoxia ́́
2.1.2.2 Types of Hypoxia
2.1.2.3 Symptoms of High Altitude Hypoxia
2.1.3 Ultraviolet Radiation
2.1.4 Cold
2.2 Physiological Changes at High Altitude
2.2.1 Acclimatization to High Altitude
2.2.1.1 Pulmonary Ventilation or Hyperventilation
2.2.1.2 Polycythaemia

2.2.2 Affinity of Haemoglobin for Oxygen at Sea Level and At High Altitudes
2.2.3 High Altitude and Oxidative Stress
2.3 Conclusion
References
3: High Altitude Related Diseases: Milder Effects, HACE, HAPE, and Effect on Various Organ Systems
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Epidemiology of High Altitude Sickness
3.3 Mechanisms of High Altitude Sickness
3.4 Milder Effects of High Altitude (AMS)
3.5 High Altitude Pulmonary Oedema (HAPE)
3.6 High Altitude Cerebral Oedema (HACE)
3.7 High Altitude Related Cardiac Perturbations
3.8 High Altitude Related Perturbations in Muscles

3.9 High Altitude Related Perturbations in Kidney
3.10 High Altitude Related Perturbations in Liver
3.11 Conclusion
References
4: High Altitude-Induced Oxidative Stress, Rheumatoid Arthritis, and Proteomic Alteration
4.1 Oxidative Stress
4.1.1 Oxidants
4.1.1.1 Endogenous Source
4.1.1.2 Exogenous Source
4.1.2 Antioxidants
4.2 High Altitude Mediated Oxidative Stress
4.2.1 High Altitude and Oxidative Damage
4.2.2 RONS Generation at High Altitude
4.2.3 Hypoxia and Oxidative Stress
4.3 Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
4.3.1 Oxidative Stress in RA

4.3.2 High Altitude and RA
4.3.3 Reactive Species Measurement in RA
4.4 Oxidative Stress Measurement
4.5 High Altitude and Proteomic Alteration
4.6 Conclusion
References
5: Oxidative Stress, ROS Generation, and Associated Molecular Alterations in High Altitude Hypoxia
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Mechanisms of Oxidant Generation
5.2.1 Oxidants Generation in Mitochondria
5.2.2 Oxidant Generation in Phagocytic and Non-phagocytic Cells
5.3 Defence Mechanism Against Oxidative Stress
5.3.1 Enzymatic Antioxidants
5.3.2 Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants