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Table of Contents
Intro
Preface
Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: Introduction to Subsoil Constraints for Crop Production
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Overview of Subsoil Constraints Chapters
References
Chapter 2: The Geological, Geomorphological, Climatic, and Hydrological Background of Tropical Regoliths and Hostile Subsoils: The Brazilian Landmass
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Regoliths and Subsoils
2.3 The Brazilian Regoliths
2.4 Long-Term Weathering and Brazilian Subsoils
2.4.1 The Kaolinitic Mantle
2.4.2 Ironstone or Ferricrete Mantles
2.4.3 Types of Tropical Alteration and Subsoil Formation
2.4.4 The Deep Subsoil Composition
2.4.5 Latosols and Similar Soils Overly Deep Weathered Saprolites in Brazil
2.5 Hydrogeological Characteristics of Deep Subsoils
2.6 Dating of Brazilian Subsoils, Age of Regoliths, and Rates of Denudation
2.7 Brazilian Subsoils: Hostile for What or Whom?
2.7.1 The Nature of Brazilian Subsoils and Their Environmental Limitations
2.7.2 Mineral Resistance to Weathering in Tropical Brazil
2.8 The Way Forward: Regolith and Subsoils Within the Critical Zone (CZ) Concept
References
Chapter 3: Soil Acidity and Acidification
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Soil Acidification and the Development of Acid Subsoils (Soil pH Gradients)
3.3 Identifying and Diagnosing Subsoil Acidity
3.4 Minimisation of Subsoil Acidification
3.5 Ameliorating Subsoil Acidity Using Lime and Other Amendments
3.6 Future Farming Practices to Combat Subsoil Acidity
3.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4: Salinity, Sodicity and Alkalinity
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Salinisation Processes: Subsoil Accumulation of Salts
4.2.1 Groundwater-Associated Salinity
4.2.2 Transient Salinity Not Associated with Groundwater Processes
4.2.3 Salinity Induced by Irrigation
4.3 Physical and Chemical Processes Influencing Salinity and Sodicity
4.4 Mechanisms of Salinity-Reducing Crop Production
4.5 Effect of Exchangeable Cations (Including Sodicity) and Soluble Anions on Soil Structural Stability
4.5.1 Role of Exchangeable Cations and Soluble Anions in Clay Swelling and Dispersion
4.6 Alkalinity and High Soil pH
4.7 Categories of Salt-Affected Soils
4.8 Managing Subsoil Constraints Due to Salinity, Sodicity (Dispersivity) and Alkalinity
4.8.1 Reclamation of Saline Subsoil
4.8.2 Amelioration of Subsoil Sodicity and Soil Dispersivity
4.8.3 Correction of Subsoil Alkalinity
References
Chapter 5: Pyritic Subsoils in Acid Sulfate Soils and Similar Problems in Mined Areas with Sulfidic Rocks
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Thionic Soils
5.3 Prediction of Acid Drainage
5.4 Prevention and Soil Remediation Opportunities for Acid Sulfate Materials
5.5 Treatment of Acid Discharge Water
5.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6: Physical Subsoil Constraints of Agricultural and Forestry Land
6.1 Introduction
Preface
Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: Introduction to Subsoil Constraints for Crop Production
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Overview of Subsoil Constraints Chapters
References
Chapter 2: The Geological, Geomorphological, Climatic, and Hydrological Background of Tropical Regoliths and Hostile Subsoils: The Brazilian Landmass
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Regoliths and Subsoils
2.3 The Brazilian Regoliths
2.4 Long-Term Weathering and Brazilian Subsoils
2.4.1 The Kaolinitic Mantle
2.4.2 Ironstone or Ferricrete Mantles
2.4.3 Types of Tropical Alteration and Subsoil Formation
2.4.4 The Deep Subsoil Composition
2.4.5 Latosols and Similar Soils Overly Deep Weathered Saprolites in Brazil
2.5 Hydrogeological Characteristics of Deep Subsoils
2.6 Dating of Brazilian Subsoils, Age of Regoliths, and Rates of Denudation
2.7 Brazilian Subsoils: Hostile for What or Whom?
2.7.1 The Nature of Brazilian Subsoils and Their Environmental Limitations
2.7.2 Mineral Resistance to Weathering in Tropical Brazil
2.8 The Way Forward: Regolith and Subsoils Within the Critical Zone (CZ) Concept
References
Chapter 3: Soil Acidity and Acidification
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Soil Acidification and the Development of Acid Subsoils (Soil pH Gradients)
3.3 Identifying and Diagnosing Subsoil Acidity
3.4 Minimisation of Subsoil Acidification
3.5 Ameliorating Subsoil Acidity Using Lime and Other Amendments
3.6 Future Farming Practices to Combat Subsoil Acidity
3.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4: Salinity, Sodicity and Alkalinity
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Salinisation Processes: Subsoil Accumulation of Salts
4.2.1 Groundwater-Associated Salinity
4.2.2 Transient Salinity Not Associated with Groundwater Processes
4.2.3 Salinity Induced by Irrigation
4.3 Physical and Chemical Processes Influencing Salinity and Sodicity
4.4 Mechanisms of Salinity-Reducing Crop Production
4.5 Effect of Exchangeable Cations (Including Sodicity) and Soluble Anions on Soil Structural Stability
4.5.1 Role of Exchangeable Cations and Soluble Anions in Clay Swelling and Dispersion
4.6 Alkalinity and High Soil pH
4.7 Categories of Salt-Affected Soils
4.8 Managing Subsoil Constraints Due to Salinity, Sodicity (Dispersivity) and Alkalinity
4.8.1 Reclamation of Saline Subsoil
4.8.2 Amelioration of Subsoil Sodicity and Soil Dispersivity
4.8.3 Correction of Subsoil Alkalinity
References
Chapter 5: Pyritic Subsoils in Acid Sulfate Soils and Similar Problems in Mined Areas with Sulfidic Rocks
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Thionic Soils
5.3 Prediction of Acid Drainage
5.4 Prevention and Soil Remediation Opportunities for Acid Sulfate Materials
5.5 Treatment of Acid Discharge Water
5.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6: Physical Subsoil Constraints of Agricultural and Forestry Land
6.1 Introduction