Intro
Contents
About the Authors
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Terms
1.3 Scope
1.4 Common Myths
1.5 Victims
1.5.1 Risk for Vulnerability
1.5.1.1 COVID-19
1.6 Sex Traffickers
1.6.1 Bottom
1.7 Sex Buyers
1.8 Process
1.8.1 Acquisition
1.8.1.1 The Role of Technology
1.8.2 Exploitation
1.8.2.1 Maintaining Control
1.8.3 Exiting
1.8.3.1 Identification
1.8.4 Post-trafficking
1.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Legal Aspects
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Relevant Laws and Legislation
2.2.1 Domestic

2.2.2 International
2.3 Governmental Systemic Efforts to Track Rates
2.3.1 United Nations Global Report on Trafficking in Persons
2.3.2 US Trafficking in Persons Report
2.4 The Role of Legal Corruption
2.5 Criminalization Versus Decriminalization of Sex Work/Prostitution
2.6 Legal Issues
References
Chapter 3: Assessments and Measures
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Identifying Victims of Sex Trafficking
3.2.1 Screening and Identification Tools
3.2.1.1 Screening and Identification Tools for Minors
3.2.1.2 Screening and Identification Tools for Adults

3.2.2 Response Following Identification
3.3 Assessing Symptoms, Needs, and Outcomes
3.4 Considerations and Recommendations
References
Chapter 4: Theories and Conceptual Models
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Risk Factors and Phenomenology
4.3 Complex PTSD: A Model for Understanding the Effects of Captivity and Coercive Control
4.3.1 Symptomatic Features
4.3.2 Characterological Features
4.3.3 Vulnerability to Repeated Harm
4.4 Sex Trafficking, Intimate Partner Violence, and Feminist Theory
4.5 Learned Helplessness and the Cycle of Violence

4.6 Intersectionality and Critical Race Theory
References
Chapter 5: Interventions
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Common Clinical Symptoms and Syndromes
5.3 A Trauma-Informed Model for Psychotherapy with CSE Survivors
5.3.1 Phase 1: Safety and Stabilization
5.3.2 Phase 2: Processing of Traumatic Memories
5.3.3 Phase 3: Reintegration
5.4 Relational Considerations
5.5 Evidence-Based Psychotherapy Interventions
5.5.1 Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
5.5.2 Trauma-Focused CBT
5.5.3 Trauma-Processing Treatments
5.5.4 Substance Use Disorder Treatments

5.6 Pharmacotherapy
5.7 Medical Care
5.8 Other Adjunctive Treatments and Programmatic Supports
References
Chapter 6: Cultural Considerations
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Global Statistics
6.3 North America
6.4 Cultural Considerations Within Process
6.4.1 US Culture of Authority
6.4.1.1 Sex Trafficking Among Members of Authority
6.4.1.2 Response Efforts by Members of Authority
6.4.1.3 Victim Experiences with Members of Authority
6.4.2 Culturally Relevant Conflicts Experienced by Victims
6.4.3 United States Immigration Status