Intro
Preface
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Cattle and Traction
1.1.1 Cattle
1.1.2 Traction
1.1.3 The Wider Context of Cattle Traction
1.1.3.1 Cattle Domestication
1.1.3.2 Secondary Products Revolution
1.2 Research History of Cattle Traction
1.2.1 The West
1.2.1.1 The Plough
1.2.1.2 The Cart
1.2.1.3 Zooarchaeological Investigation
1.2.2 China: A Brief Review
1.3 Project Design: Materials, Regions and Periods
1.3.1 The Role of Cattle Bones
1.3.2 Study Regions and Periods
1.4 Outline of the Book
References

Chapter 2: Cattle Traction in China: What We Know
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Framework of Chinese Archaeological Cultures
2.3 Known Scholarship for Chinese Cattle Traction
2.3.1 Historical Textual Documents
2.3.1.1 Farming
2.3.1.1.1 Lei and Si
2.3.1.1.2 Debate of the Timing of Cattle Ploughing
2.3.1.1.3 Development of Cattle Ploughing
2.3.1.2 Transport
2.3.1.2.1 Sledge
2.3.1.2.2 Cart in the Pre-Han
2.3.1.2.3 Cart from the Han
2.3.1.3 Other Harness and Management
2.3.2 Oracle Bone and Bronze Inscriptions
2.3.2.1 Farming
2.3.2.1.1 Lei and Si

2.3.2.1.2 Cattle and Plough
2.3.2.2 Transport
2.3.2.3 Other Harness and Management
2.3.3 Wall Pictures and Historical Paintings
2.3.3.1 Farming
2.3.3.2 Transport
2.3.3.3 Other Harness and Management
2.3.4 Excavated Artefacts and Traces
2.3.4.1 Farming
2.3.4.1.1 Lei and Si
2.3.4.1.2 Plough
2.3.4.2 Transport
2.3.4.2.1 Sledge
2.3.4.2.2 Cart
2.3.4.3 Other Harness and Management
2.4 Discussion
2.5 Conclusions
2.6 Summary
References
Chapter 3: Identifying Traction in Cattle Bones
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Bone Biology and Mechanics

3.2.1 Functions of Bone
3.2.2 Bone Elements
3.2.3 Bone Types
3.2.4 Development of Bone
3.2.5 Biomechanics of Bone
3.2.6 Wolff's Law and the Basic Multicellular Unit (BMU)
3.2.7 Special Properties of Bone
3.2.8 Fatigue Failure and Stress Fractures in Bone
3.2.9 Human as a Case: Bone Remodelling and Physical Strain
3.3 Identifying Traction in Cattle Bones
3.3.1 Cattle Bone Remodelling Under Traction
3.3.2 Cattle Bone Deformations and Pathologies Under Traction
3.3.3 Skeletal Parts Under Traction
3.4 Summary
References

Chapter 4: Project Methods: Analyses of Controlled Samples for Cattle Traction Interpretation
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Methods of Pathological Index (PI), Pathological Index-Refined (PIr), and Morphometrics
4.2.1 The PI and PIr
4.2.2 Morphometrics
4.2.3 Evaluations of the PI, PIr, and Morphometrics
4.2.3.1 The PI, and PIr Methods
4.2.3.2 The Morphometrics
4.3 Controlled Materials
4.3.1 Traction Cattle Samples
4.3.1.1 Draught Oxen of Romanian Grey and Brown Breed
4.3.1.2 Draught Oxen of Jersey Breed