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Intro
Foreword
Acknowledgments
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Conventional Sample Preparation
Collecting and Subdividing Plant Materials
Fixation
Types of Chemical Fixatives
Acetic Acid
Acetone - CAS No. 67-64-1
Aldehydes
Ethanol - CAS 64-17-5
Formalin - CAS 50-00-0
Glutaraldehyde - CAS 111-30-8
Osmium Tetroxide - CAS 20816-12-0
Uranyl Acetate - CAS 6159-44-0
Fixative Solutions for Light Microscopy
Karnovsky's Solution - Adapted (Karnovsky 1965)
Step 1 - Sodium Hydroxide 40%
Step 2 - Formaldehyde 4%

Step 3 - 0.2 M Phosphate Buffer (PBS) - pH 7.2
Step 4 - Glutaraldehyde 1% in 0.1 M Phosphate Buffer pH 7.2
Step 5 - Glutaraldehyde, Formaldehyde, Phosphate Buffer, 5:3:2 (v/v)
Fixative Solutions for Electron Microscopy
Karnovsky Solution
Buffered Osmium Tetroxide (OsO4)
Dehydration
Acetone, Butanol, Ethanol, and Xylol
Ethanol
Acetone
Embedding Media for Light Microscopy
Paraffin
Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)
Historesin
LR-White (London Resin White)
Embedding Media for Electron Microscopy
LR-White (London Resin White)
Spurr
Sectioning Methods

Fresh or Fixed Non-infiltrated Material
Sectioning in Cryostat for Fixated Samples
Sectioning Paraffin Blocks
Sectioning Plastic Blocks (Historesin and LR-White)
Sectioning PEG (Polyethylene Glycol) Blocks
Transmission Electron Microscopy
Trimming the Blocks
Semi-Fine Sections
Ultrathin Cuts Sections
Chapter 3: Techniques for Histopathological Analysis
Routine Analysis
Toluidine Blue
Immunohistochemistry
Changes in the Cuticle and Cell Wall
Ruthenium Red and Sudan IV
Nile Red and Calcofluor White
Aniline Blue
Phloroglucin

Analyses of Changes in Primary Metabolism
Detection of Proteins and Lipids
Carbohydrate Detection
Analyses of Changes in Secondary Metabolism
Detection of Phenolic Compounds
Ferric Chloride
Ferrous Sulfate in Formalin
Autofluorescence Detection
Detection of Flavonoids
NEU Reagent
Autofluorescence Detection
Detection of Terpene
NADI Reagent
Autofluorescence Detection
Detection of Alkaloid
Dragendorff's Reagent
Autofluorescence Detection
Detection of Reactive Oxygen Species
Hydrogen Peroxide - H2O2
Superoxide Anion O2−

Tissue Diaphanization After Reaction with DAB or NBT
Crystal Structure Detection
Use of Polarized Light
Chapter 4: Fungus Detection
Light Microscopy
Method of Imprinting the Epidermis with Nail Polish
Bleaching Method Followed by Cotton Blue Staining
Double Stained with Safranin O and Cotton Blue
Double Stained with Ruthenium Red and Cotton Blue
Fluorescence Techniques
Double-Staining with WGA-AF488 and Calcofluor White
Analysis of Fungi Expressing GFP
Electron Microscopy
Conventional Process for SEM

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