Intro
Introduction
Contents
1 Introduction to Biocoating
1.1 Background of Biocoating
1.2 Inorganic Coating and Biocoating
1.3 Problems in Fertilizer Coating
References
2 Biocoating from Composite Materials
2.1 Composite Material as Biocoating
2.1.1 Classification of Composite Materials
2.1.2 Characteristics of Composite Materials
2.1.3 Early Discovery of Composite Materials
2.1.4 Important Roles of Composite Materials in Twenty-First Century
2.1.5 Applications of Composites as Fertilizer's Coating

2.1.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Fertilizer Coating from Composites
2.2 Sodium Alginate as the Base of Biocoating
2.2.1 Water-Resistant Sodium Alginate Film
2.3 Fertilizer
2.4 Coating of Fertilizer
2.5 Common Techniques of Coating Fertilizers with Drying Process
References
3 Bacteria in Biocoating
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Classification of Bacteria
3.1.2 Staining and Identification of Bacteria
3.2 Bacillus subtilis
3.3 Applications of Bacteria in Composite
3.4 Applications of Bacteria in Fertilizer Industry
References
4 Evaluation of Biocoating

4.1 Properties of Films
4.1.1 Physical and Mechanical Analysis
4.1.2 Chemical Analysis
4.1.3 Microbial Analysis
4.2 Mechanism to Improve Conductivity by Integration of Bacteria and Metal Ions
4.2.1 Biosorption of Metal Ions
4.3 Mechanism to Retain Moisture Content Using Glycerol
4.4 Plant Growth Analysis
4.5 Soil Nutrients Analysis
4.6 Mathematical Modelling
References
5 Biocoating Evaluation Techniques
5.1 Growth Profile of Bacillus subtilis
5.2 Growth Kinetics of Bacillus subtilis

5.3 Culturing of Bacillus subtilis (Lag Phase, Log Phase, Stationary Phase)
5.4 Harvesting of Bacillus subtilis
5.5 Freeze-Drying of Bacillus subtilis
5.6 Preparation of Microbial Composite Films
5.7 Properties/Testing of Microbial Composite Films
5.7.1 Physical and Mechanical Properties of Microbial Composite Films
5.7.2 Chemical Analysis
5.7.3 Microbial Analysis
5.8 Conductivity and Moisture Content Improvement of Microbial Composite Films
5.8.1 Improving the Conductivity of Films
5.8.2 Improving the Moisture Content of Films
5.9 Fertilizer Coating

5.9.1 The 30-Min Drying Technique
5.9.2 The 24-h Drying Technique
5.10 Planting of Water Spinach
5.10.1 Plant Growth Analysis
5.10.2 Microbial Analysis of Microbial Composite Coated Fertilizers on Soils
5.10.3 Soil Nutrients Analysis
5.11 Microbial Analysis of Fertilizer Coated with Microbial Composite Film
5.12 Mathematical Modelling/Simulation
5.12.1 Mathematical Modelling/Simulation on Soil Nutrients Analysis
References
6 Conclusions