Intro
Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs) as a Platform for Vaccination and Targeted Drug Delivery
1 What Are OMVs
1.1 Biogenesis of OMVs
1.2 Structure, Function, and Composition of OMVs
1.2.1 Structure and Compositions of OMVs
1.2.2 Functions of OMVs
1.3 Isolation and Purification of OMVs
1.4 Characterization of OMVs
1.5 Mechanisms of OMVs' Entry Into Cells
2 Cargo Loading and Surface Modification Using OMVs
2.1 Active Cargo Loading
2.1.1 Electroporation
2.2 Passive Cargo Loading
2.2.1 Simple Incubation

3 OMVs in Vaccination
3.1 OMVs as Modulators of the Innate Immune Response
3.2 Bioengineered OMVs for Vaccination
3.2.1 Recombinant OMVs Based on ClyA Fusion Protein
3.2.2 Recombinant OMVs Based on Other Carrier Fusion Proteins
4 OMVs in Drug Delivery
4.1 Cancer Therapy
4.2 Antibacterial Therapy
5 Future Perspective of Utilizing OMV for Vaccination and Drug Delivery
References
CRISPR/Cas9 Nano-delivery Approaches for Targeted Gene Therapy
1 Introduction
2 Features of CRISPR/Cas9 Gene-Editing Machinery
3 Mechanism of CRISPR/Cas9 System and Advantages

4 Delivery Approaches of CRISPR/Cas9 System
4.1 Viral-Mediated Delivery
4.2 Physical Transduction
4.3 Nonviral Transduction
5 Nanoparticles in CRISPR/Cas9 Delivery
5.1 Polymeric-Based CRISPR/Cas9 Delivery System
5.2 Lipid-Based CRISPR/Cas9 Delivery System
5.3 Porous-Based CRISPR/Cas9 Delivery System
5.4 Gold Nanoparticles
5.5 Cell Membrane-Derived Nanoparticles
6 Applications of Genome Editing
7 Future Directions and Challenges
8 Conclusions
References
Lipoplexes and Polyplexes for Targeted Gene Delivery
1 Introduction
2 The Technology of Lipoplexes

3 The Technology of Polyplexes
4 Lipoplexes for Targeted Gene Therapy
5 Polyplexes for Targeted Gene Therapy
6 Conclusions
References
Aptamer-Based Targeted Drug Delivery Systems
1 Introduction
2 DNA Aptamers as Targeted Drug Delivery
2.1 AS1411
2.2 ARC1779
2.3 NU172
2.4 E10030
2.5 Miscellaneous
3 RNA Aptamers as Targeted Drug Delivery
3.1 Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen
3.2 CD4 Aptamer and pRNA Nanodelivery System
3.3 gp120
4 Aptamer Selection Methods
4.1 Positive Selection
4.2 Counterselection
4.3 Negative Selection

5 Aptamer Internalization Mechanism
5.1 Aptamer Internalization Mechanism Using Temperature
5.2 Aptamer Internalization Mechanism by Chemical Inhibitor
6 Nanocarrier Functionalization by Aptamers for Targeted Drug Delivery
6.1 Aptamer-Functionalized Liposomes
6.2 Aptamer-Functionalized Micelles
6.3 Aptamer-Functionalized Nanoparticles
6.4 Aptamer-Functionalized Dendrimers
6.5 Other Aptamer-Functionalized Nanocarriers
7 Application of Aptamer as a Therapeutic Molecule
7.1 Cancer
7.2 Immune System Manipulation
7.3 Neurological Disease
7.4 Multiple Sclerosis