Intro
Foreword
The Virtuous Cycle of Progress Toward Understanding Fathers
References
Acknowledgments
Contents
Contributors
Theorizing Fathering: Past, Present, and Future
Impacts of Fathering on Children and Families
Systemic Approaches
Systems Theory
Ecological Theories
Relational Approaches
Attachment
IPARTheory
Developmental Theories
Essential Father Theory
Predictors of Fathering
Systemic Frameworks
Developmental Approaches
Social/Cultural Approaches
Feminist and Gender Theories
Conceptualizations of Fathering
Grounded Theory
Systemic Theories
Other Approaches
Specific Conceptualizations of Fathering
Future Directions
Theories to Continue Utilizing
Family Systems Theory
Bioecological Systems Theory
Feminist and Gender Theories
Father-Child Activation Relationship Theory
Evolving Beyond the Nurturant Father
Theories to Explore
Social Capital Theory
Critical Theories
Disability Theories
Conclusion
References
Fatherhood Measurement and Assessment
Should Fathering and Mothering Be Measured the Same Way?
Fatherhood Across Reporter and Time
Methods of Measuring Fatherhood
Likert Scales
Time-diary
Observation of Structured Tasks
In-Depth Interviews and Ethnographic Studies
Measuring Domains of Fatherhood
Co-parenting
Fatherhood Identity
Nonresident Fathers
Future Directions and Conclusion
References
Fathers and Family Systems
Family Systems Principles
What Does It Mean to Take a Family Systems Perspective on Fathering?
Interparental Relationships and Fathering
Fathering and Marital Relationships
Fathering and Co-parenting Relationships
Marital Relationships, Co-parenting Relationships, and Maternal Gatekeeping
Are Fathers More Vulnerable?.

Parent-Child Relationships and Fathering
Interdependence of Parent-Child Relationships
Reciprocal Relations Between Fathers and Children
Implications
Parenting Programs for New Fathers
Parental Leave Policies
References
Positive Masculinity and Fatherhood
Positive Masculinity
Research Support
Rationale for a Positive-Masculinity Perspective
Positive Masculinity and Fatherhood
Critiques of Positive Masculinity
Positive Psychology
Positive Psychology and Families
Positive Psychology and Fatherhood
Recommendations for Strength-Based Work with Fathers
Limitations
Future Directions
References
Transition to Fatherhood
The Conceptualization of Fatherhood
Dad 1.0
Dad 2.0
The Perinatal Period: What Kind of Father Will I Be?
The Postpartum Period: I'm a Father, Now What?
Assessing Father Involvement with Infants
Challenges and Supports in the Transition to Fatherhood
Mental Health and Wellness
Fathering Modeling and Support
Work and Family
Implications and Future Directions
Perinatal Mental Health
Father-Focused Parenting Programming
References
Fathering and Attachment
Introduction
Fathering in an Attachment Context: A Theoretical Overview
Child-Father Attachment: The Basics
Selected Father-Related Factors Contributing to Child-Father Attachment Quality
Cultural Perceptions and Expectations: Men and Masculinity
Fathers' Attachment- and Caregiving-Related Scripted Knowledge
Fathers' Attachment Security
Child-Father Attachment and Children's Developmental Outcomes
Review of the Empirical Literature
Child-Father Attachment Formation and Quality
Selected Father-Related Factors Contributing to Child-Father Attachment Quality
Cultural Perceptions and Expectations: Men and Masculinity.

Fathers' Attachment- and Caregiving-Related Scripted Knowledge
Fathers' Attachment Security
Child-Father Attachment &
Children's Developmental Outcomes
Concluding Remarks
References
Fathering Adolescents and Emerging Adults
Father-Child Relationships in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood
Attitudes About the Paternal Role
Measuring Father Involvement Across the Child's Life Course
Variability in Father Involvement with Adolescents
Father Involvement with Emerging Adult Children
Other Dimensions of Fathering and Child Age
Overview of Results
Predicting Father Involvement
Personal Characteristics
Fathers' Relationships
International Variability
Fathering and Child Outcomes
Adolescents
Emerging Adults
Discussion and Conclusion
Application of Results
References
Fathering Adult Children and Grandfathering
Fatherhood Across the Lifespan: Adult Children and Grandfathering
Fathering Role
Father-Adult Child Relationships
Intergenerational Ties
Grandfather Role
Grandfather-Grandchild Relationships
Health and Well-Being of Grandfathers
Additional Theories on Fathering and Grandfathering
Challenges in Fathering and Grandfathering Research
Future Directions and Implications
References
Fathering in Diverse Family Structures: Separation, Divorce, and Stepfamilies
Family Structure Prevalence and Transitions
Separated and Divorced Fathers
Father Involvement
Resident Versus Nonresident Father Involvement
Levels and Trends in Nonresident Father Involvement
Financial Support
Associations Among Types of Nonresident Father Involvement
Factors Associated with Father Involvement
Stepfathers
The Cultural Context of Stepfathering
Stepfamily Formation and Relationship Development
Stepfather Involvement.

Taking Stock of the Existing Research and Implications
References
Paternal Mental Health in the Perinatal Period
Men's Mental Health
Transition to Fatherhood
Paternal Peripartum Depression
Paternal Peripartum Anxiety
Impact of Paternal Mental Health
Clinical Implications and Future Directions
References
Infertility, Grief, and Trauma Related to Fathering
Infertility
Causes
Treatments
Challenges
Implications
Grief
Findings
Challenges
Implications
Trauma
Findings
Childbirth Trauma
Adverse Childhood Experiences
Victim-to-Offender Discourse
Substance Abuse
War-Related Trauma
Challenges
Implications
Future Directions
References
Physical Health and Fatherhood
Fatherhood and Physical Health
Health and Fertility
General Health Orientation and Fatherhood
Physical Activity and Fatherhood
Testosterone Levels and Fatherhood
Smoking and Fatherhood
Alcohol Use
Substance Use
Debates and Challenges
Practical Implications
Opportunities
Limitations and Future Directions
References
Intersectionality Theory and Fatherhood
Foundations of Intersectionality Theory
Feminist Theory
Black Feminist Theory
Critical Race Theory
Intersectionality Theory
Intersectionality and the Fatherhood Literature
Applying Intersectionality
Future Research
Implications for Practice
Conclusion
References
The Intersections of Race, Ethnicity, and Gender: Applications to Asian American Fathers
Overview of Asian Americans in the United States
The Intersectionality Framework
Challenges in Father-Child Relationships
Gaps and Conflicts Linked to Cultural and Intergenerational Issues
Impacts of AA Father-Child Relationships on Child Outcomes
Future Research Directions
Paternal Racial-Ethnic Socialization.

Research Implications and Future Work
Representations of AA Fathers
Directions for Future Research
Policy and Practical Implications
Conclusions
References
Cultural and Sociopolitical Influences on African American and Latinx Fathers
Angelica Alonso and Rachel Ghosh are both third authors. Introduction
Theoretical Framework and Background
The Sociocultural Context of Fathers in the United States
Latinx Fathers
Latinx Families and Fathering
Latinx Father Involvement
Predictors of Latinx Father Involvement
African American Fathers
African American Families and Fathering
African American Father Involvement
Predictors of African American Father Involvement
Social Policies That Impact Father Involvement
Supporting Healthy Marriages
Responsible Fatherhood Programs
In-Hospital Paternity Establishment
Child Support
Parental Custody
Parental Leave
Interventions with Families
Recommendations for Promoting the Health and Well-Being of Fathers and Their Families from a Cultural Perspective
References
Gay, Bisexual, and Queer Fatherhood
Gay, Bisexual, and Queer Fatherhood: An Introduction
Overarching Theoretical Perspective
Pathways and Barriers to Parenthood
Parenthood Route
Navigating the Gendered Nature of Parenthood
The Division of Labor
Parenthood "Roles"
Parent Socialization Practices
Child Outcomes
Gender-Typed Play and Activities
Psychological Adjustment
School-Related Outcomes
Parent Outcomes
Parenting Stress and Perceived Self-Efficacy
Relationships with Partners, Friends, and Family
Broader Community Contexts: Workplaces and Schools
Workplaces
Schools
Future Directions
Implications for Practice, Policy, and Programs
Conclusion
References
Fatherhood and Social Justice: Centering Marginalized Stories.