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Table of Contents
Intro
Preface
Contents
About the Author
1 The Structure of Mountains
1.1 The Riddle of the Glarus Thrust
1.2 Rocks and Dough
1.2.1 Fractures
1.2.2 Ductile Deformation
1.2.3 More or Less Competent
1.3 Types of Faults
1.4 Clefts
1.5 The Folded Jura
1.6 More About Folds and Thrusts
1.6.1 Folds and Overthrusts in the Helvetic Nappes
1.6.2 Duplex in the Moine Thrust Belt in Scotland
1.6.3 Backthrusts and Pop-Ups
1.7 Feldspar, Quartz and Mica
1.8 The Structure of Earth
1.9 Absolute and Relative Ages
1.10 A Short History of the Earth
1.10.1 Precambrian
1.10.2 Palaeozoic
1.10.3 Mesozoic
1.10.4 Cenozoic
References
2 The Rock Cycle
2.1 Carbonates
2.1.1 The Reefs of the Dolomites
2.1.2 Dolomitisation
2.2 Karst
2.2.1 Karst Springs and Ponors
2.2.2 Travertine
2.2.3 Caves
2.2.4 Sinkholes, Uvalas and Poljes
2.2.5 Fluviokarst
2.2.6 Glaciokarst
2.2.7 Tropical Karst
2.3 Evaporites
2.3.1 Marine Evaporites
2.3.2 Salt Lakes and Salt Pans
2.3.3 Salt and Tectonics
2.4 From Weathering to Deposition
2.4.1 Chemical Weathering
2.4.2 Physical Weathering
2.4.3 Mass Movements
2.4.4 Rainfall on Slopes
2.4.5 Erosion, Transport and Deposition by Rivers
2.4.6 Turbidity Currents in the Sea
2.4.7 From Sand to Sandstone
2.5 The Power of Ice
2.6 Sandstone Tables and Towers
2.6.1 Elbe Sandstone Mountains
2.6.2 Meteora
2.6.3 Wulingyuan
2.6.4 Tepui
2.7 Metamorphism
2.7.1 When Little Happens
2.7.2 Metamorphism of Basalt
2.7.3 Metamorphism of Claystone
2.7.4 P-T Paths and Large Crystals
2.8 Magmas
2.8.1 Melting in the Mantle
2.8.2 Differentiation of Magmas
2.8.3 Alkaline Rocks
2.8.4 Granite
Literature
3 Of Moving Plates, Volcanoes and Uplift
Abstract
3.1 Alfred Wegener and His Continental Drift
3.2 From Continental Drift to Plate Tectonics
3.3 How Volcanoes Work
3.3.1 Hawaiian and Strombolian Eruptions
3.3.2 When Magma Meets Water
3.3.3 Ash Eruptions and Plinian Eruptions
3.3.4 Lava Domes and Obsidian Flows
3.3.5 Glowing Clouds and Lahars
3.3.6 Calderas and Ring Complexes
3.3.7 Fumaroles and Hydrothermal Systems
3.4 Mid-Ocean Ridges and the Oceanic Crust
3.4.1 Ophiolite Complexes in Cyprus and Oman
3.4.2 Naked Mantle Without a Shell
3.5 Uplift of a Mountain Range
3.5.1 Playing with Buoyancy
3.5.2 Denudation Rates
3.5.3 Uplift and Tectonics
3.6 Mountains and Climate
3.6.1 Volcanic Eruptions and Climate
3.6.2 Mountains and Climate Change
References
4 Mountains and Plunging Plates: Subduction Zones
4.1 Island Arcs and Active Continental Margins
4.1.1 Accretionary Wedge or Abrasive Paper
4.1.2 Magmas and Metamorphism
4.1.3 Diving into Hell
4.1.4 Compression and Extension
4.1.5 Mariana Arc
4.1.6 Sunda Arc in Indonesia
4.2 The Andes
4.2.1 Central Chile to Northern Patagonia
Preface
Contents
About the Author
1 The Structure of Mountains
1.1 The Riddle of the Glarus Thrust
1.2 Rocks and Dough
1.2.1 Fractures
1.2.2 Ductile Deformation
1.2.3 More or Less Competent
1.3 Types of Faults
1.4 Clefts
1.5 The Folded Jura
1.6 More About Folds and Thrusts
1.6.1 Folds and Overthrusts in the Helvetic Nappes
1.6.2 Duplex in the Moine Thrust Belt in Scotland
1.6.3 Backthrusts and Pop-Ups
1.7 Feldspar, Quartz and Mica
1.8 The Structure of Earth
1.9 Absolute and Relative Ages
1.10 A Short History of the Earth
1.10.1 Precambrian
1.10.2 Palaeozoic
1.10.3 Mesozoic
1.10.4 Cenozoic
References
2 The Rock Cycle
2.1 Carbonates
2.1.1 The Reefs of the Dolomites
2.1.2 Dolomitisation
2.2 Karst
2.2.1 Karst Springs and Ponors
2.2.2 Travertine
2.2.3 Caves
2.2.4 Sinkholes, Uvalas and Poljes
2.2.5 Fluviokarst
2.2.6 Glaciokarst
2.2.7 Tropical Karst
2.3 Evaporites
2.3.1 Marine Evaporites
2.3.2 Salt Lakes and Salt Pans
2.3.3 Salt and Tectonics
2.4 From Weathering to Deposition
2.4.1 Chemical Weathering
2.4.2 Physical Weathering
2.4.3 Mass Movements
2.4.4 Rainfall on Slopes
2.4.5 Erosion, Transport and Deposition by Rivers
2.4.6 Turbidity Currents in the Sea
2.4.7 From Sand to Sandstone
2.5 The Power of Ice
2.6 Sandstone Tables and Towers
2.6.1 Elbe Sandstone Mountains
2.6.2 Meteora
2.6.3 Wulingyuan
2.6.4 Tepui
2.7 Metamorphism
2.7.1 When Little Happens
2.7.2 Metamorphism of Basalt
2.7.3 Metamorphism of Claystone
2.7.4 P-T Paths and Large Crystals
2.8 Magmas
2.8.1 Melting in the Mantle
2.8.2 Differentiation of Magmas
2.8.3 Alkaline Rocks
2.8.4 Granite
Literature
3 Of Moving Plates, Volcanoes and Uplift
Abstract
3.1 Alfred Wegener and His Continental Drift
3.2 From Continental Drift to Plate Tectonics
3.3 How Volcanoes Work
3.3.1 Hawaiian and Strombolian Eruptions
3.3.2 When Magma Meets Water
3.3.3 Ash Eruptions and Plinian Eruptions
3.3.4 Lava Domes and Obsidian Flows
3.3.5 Glowing Clouds and Lahars
3.3.6 Calderas and Ring Complexes
3.3.7 Fumaroles and Hydrothermal Systems
3.4 Mid-Ocean Ridges and the Oceanic Crust
3.4.1 Ophiolite Complexes in Cyprus and Oman
3.4.2 Naked Mantle Without a Shell
3.5 Uplift of a Mountain Range
3.5.1 Playing with Buoyancy
3.5.2 Denudation Rates
3.5.3 Uplift and Tectonics
3.6 Mountains and Climate
3.6.1 Volcanic Eruptions and Climate
3.6.2 Mountains and Climate Change
References
4 Mountains and Plunging Plates: Subduction Zones
4.1 Island Arcs and Active Continental Margins
4.1.1 Accretionary Wedge or Abrasive Paper
4.1.2 Magmas and Metamorphism
4.1.3 Diving into Hell
4.1.4 Compression and Extension
4.1.5 Mariana Arc
4.1.6 Sunda Arc in Indonesia
4.2 The Andes
4.2.1 Central Chile to Northern Patagonia