Intro
Preface
Contents
Part I: Introduction
1: Functions and Control of Sleep
1.1 The Need to Sleep
1.2 Control of Sleep
1.2.1 Generation of Circadian Rhythm
1.2.2 Sleep and Arousal
1.2.3 The NREM and REM Sleep
1.2.3.1 NREM Circuit
1.2.3.2 REM Circuit
1.2.3.3 The Role of Hypocretin/Orexin
1.3 Functions of Sleep
1.3.1 Sleep and EEG Recovery
1.3.2 Sleep, Brain Energy Replenishment, Molecular Regeneration
1.3.3 Sleep and Toxin Removal Within the Brain
1.3.4 Sleep and Memory
1.3.5 Sleep and Immunity

1.3.6 Sleep, Mood, and Emotion
1.3.7 Sleep: The Developmental Perspective
References
2: Sleep Physiology and Architecture
2.1 Sleep Architecture
2.2 Sleep Physiology
References
3: Sleep Needs: Cross-Cultural Comparisons and Problems with Sleep Deprivation
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Sleep Duration
3.2.1 Developmental Alteration of Sleep Duration
3.2.2 Cross-Cultural Difference of Sleep Duration
3.2.3 Factors Associated with Sleep Duration
3.2.4 Problems Associated with Decreased Sleep Duration
3.3 Sleepiness
3.3.1 Sleepiness vs. Sleep Duration

3.3.2 Factors Associated with Sleepiness
3.4 Sleep Need Index (SNI)
3.5 Conclusion
References
Part II: Evaluation of Sleep Disorders
4: Clinical Assessment
4.1 Preparation
4.2 History Taking
4.2.1 Chief Complaint and Associated Symptoms
4.2.2 Sleep Patterns and Sleep-Wake Schedule
4.2.3 Treatment History, Medical History, Developmental History, and Psychiatric History
4.2.4 Family History
4.3 Physical Examination
4.3.1 Sleep-Associated Physical Examination
4.4 Questionnaire and Scale

4.4.1 Bedtime Problems, Excessive Daytime Sleepiness, Awakenings, Regularity and Snoring Screener (BEARS)
4.4.2 Children's Sleep Habit Questionnaire: Preschool and School Ages (CSHQ)
4.4.3 Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC)
4.4.4 Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale (PDSS)
4.4.5 Children's Sleep Comic
4.4.6 Sleep Diary and Sleep Log
4.4.7 Structured Interview
4.5 Laboratory Test
4.5.1 Blood Test
4.5.2 Dim Light Melatonin Onset (DLMO)
4.5.3 Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Hypocretin (Orexin) Level
4.6 Imaging Test
4.6.1 Cephalometry

4.6.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
4.7 Conclusions
References
5: Sleep Diagnostics
5.1 Diagnosis
5.2 Home Audio and Video Recording
5.3 Pulse Oximetry
5.3.1 Technology Behind Pulse Oximetry
5.3.2 Limitations of Pulse Oximetry
5.4 Actigraphy
5.4.1 Indications for Actigraphy
5.4.2 Limitations
5.5 Paediatric Polysomnography
5.5.1 Mechanics of Polysomnography
5.5.2 Interpretation and Scoring
5.5.3 Indications for Paediatric Polysomnography
5.5.4 Limitations of Polysomnography
5.5.5 Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT)