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Table of Contents
Intro
Preface: Why a Statistics Manual in the Series of "Hot Topics in Acute Care Surgery"?
Contents
Part I: Designing Your Research
1: Study Typology: An Overview
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Need for Evidence-Based Medicine
1.3 Research Studies
1.4 Primary and Secondary Research Studies
1.4.1 Primary Studies
1.4.1.1 Laboratorial Research
1.4.1.2 Clinical Studies
Clinical Observational Studies
Case Reports and Case Series
Clinical Experimental Studies
1.4.1.3 Epidemiological Research
Cross-Sectional Studies
Case-Control Studies
Cohort Studies
Ecological Studies
1.4.2 Secondary Studies
1.4.2.1 Narrative Reviews
1.4.2.2 Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis
References
2: Diagnostic Studies Made Easy
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Nature of a Diagnostic Study
2.3 The Need for a Gold Standard
2.4 Components of Diagnostic Studies
2.5 Predictive Values
2.6 Prior Probability of the Disease (Prevalence)
2.7 The Likelihood Ratio (LR)
2.8 Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) Curves
2.8.1 Choosing a Cut-off Point: The Youden Index
2.9 Common Errors Encountered in Submitted Diagnostic Studies
Further Reading
3: Common Pitfalls in Research Design and Its Reporting
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Unclear Research Question
3.3 Lack of Planning (Failing to Plan Is Planning to Fail)
3.4 Using the Wrong Research Tool
3.5 Selecting the Wrong Population
3.6 Addressing the Missing Data
3.7 Correlation and Prediction
3.7.1 Statistical and Clinical Significance
3.8 Reporting of the Data
References
Part II: Basic Statistical Analysis
4: Introduction to Statistical Method
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Hypothesis
4.3 The Aim
4.4 The Errors
4.4.1 Type I Error
4.4.2 Type I Error Rate
4.4.3 Type II Error
4.4.4 Statistical Power
4.4.5 Type II Error Rate
4.4.6 Trade-Off between Type I and Type II Errors
4.4.7 Is a Type I or Type II Error Worse?
4.5 Sample Size Calculation
4.6 The P Value
4.6.1 Results and Interpretation
4.7 Bias
4.7.1 Selection Bias
4.7.2 Classification Bias
4.7.3 Confounding Bias
4.7.4 Other Types of Bias
References
5: Analyzing Continuous Variables: Descriptive Statistics, Dispersion and Comparison
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Qualitative Variables
5.3 Quantitative Variables
5.3.1 Discrete Variables
5.3.2 Continuous Variables
5.4 Describing Data
5.4.1 Data Distribution
5.4.2 Test for Normality Assessment
5.4.3 Descriptive Measures
5.4.4 Dispersion Measure
5.4.5 Graphical Representations
5.5 Data Comparison: It Is All About Probability
5.5.1 Paired Data vs. Independent Data
5.5.2 Parametric vs. Non-Parametric Statistics
5.5.3 Commonest Tests
5.6 Linear Correlation
5.6.1 Pearson Correlation
5.6.2 Pearson Coefficient Interpretation
Preface: Why a Statistics Manual in the Series of "Hot Topics in Acute Care Surgery"?
Contents
Part I: Designing Your Research
1: Study Typology: An Overview
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Need for Evidence-Based Medicine
1.3 Research Studies
1.4 Primary and Secondary Research Studies
1.4.1 Primary Studies
1.4.1.1 Laboratorial Research
1.4.1.2 Clinical Studies
Clinical Observational Studies
Case Reports and Case Series
Clinical Experimental Studies
1.4.1.3 Epidemiological Research
Cross-Sectional Studies
Case-Control Studies
Cohort Studies
Ecological Studies
1.4.2 Secondary Studies
1.4.2.1 Narrative Reviews
1.4.2.2 Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis
References
2: Diagnostic Studies Made Easy
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Nature of a Diagnostic Study
2.3 The Need for a Gold Standard
2.4 Components of Diagnostic Studies
2.5 Predictive Values
2.6 Prior Probability of the Disease (Prevalence)
2.7 The Likelihood Ratio (LR)
2.8 Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) Curves
2.8.1 Choosing a Cut-off Point: The Youden Index
2.9 Common Errors Encountered in Submitted Diagnostic Studies
Further Reading
3: Common Pitfalls in Research Design and Its Reporting
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Unclear Research Question
3.3 Lack of Planning (Failing to Plan Is Planning to Fail)
3.4 Using the Wrong Research Tool
3.5 Selecting the Wrong Population
3.6 Addressing the Missing Data
3.7 Correlation and Prediction
3.7.1 Statistical and Clinical Significance
3.8 Reporting of the Data
References
Part II: Basic Statistical Analysis
4: Introduction to Statistical Method
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Hypothesis
4.3 The Aim
4.4 The Errors
4.4.1 Type I Error
4.4.2 Type I Error Rate
4.4.3 Type II Error
4.4.4 Statistical Power
4.4.5 Type II Error Rate
4.4.6 Trade-Off between Type I and Type II Errors
4.4.7 Is a Type I or Type II Error Worse?
4.5 Sample Size Calculation
4.6 The P Value
4.6.1 Results and Interpretation
4.7 Bias
4.7.1 Selection Bias
4.7.2 Classification Bias
4.7.3 Confounding Bias
4.7.4 Other Types of Bias
References
5: Analyzing Continuous Variables: Descriptive Statistics, Dispersion and Comparison
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Qualitative Variables
5.3 Quantitative Variables
5.3.1 Discrete Variables
5.3.2 Continuous Variables
5.4 Describing Data
5.4.1 Data Distribution
5.4.2 Test for Normality Assessment
5.4.3 Descriptive Measures
5.4.4 Dispersion Measure
5.4.5 Graphical Representations
5.5 Data Comparison: It Is All About Probability
5.5.1 Paired Data vs. Independent Data
5.5.2 Parametric vs. Non-Parametric Statistics
5.5.3 Commonest Tests
5.6 Linear Correlation
5.6.1 Pearson Correlation
5.6.2 Pearson Coefficient Interpretation