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Table of Contents
Intro
Foreword
Preface
Contents
Contributors
1 Introduction: The Fossil Record of Homo sapiens in Africa
Morphological Variability in the Late Quaternary and the Significance of the Hofmeyr Skull
Abstract
Acknowledgements
References
Background and History
2 Lost and Found: The Discovery and Rediscovery of the Hofmeyr Skull
Abstract
Introduction
The Discovery
The First Analyses
The Rediscovery
Hofmeyr and Changing Methods in the Study of Human Origins
Acknowledgements
References
3 Genetic Divergence Within Southern Africa During the Later Stone Age
Abstract
Introduction
The Cradle of Modern Humans
Click-Speaking Hunter-Gatherers Within Africa
Substructure Among the Khoe-San
Late Holocene Gene Flow
Future Directions
Acknowledgements
References
4 Geological Setting of the Hofmeyr Locality
Abstract
Introduction
Geography
Basement Geology
Karoo Supergroup
Karoo Bedrock Minerology
Gondwana Breakup
Post-breakup Southern Africa
Cenozoic Geology
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
5 Isotopic Evidence for the Geographic Origin, Movement and Diet of the Hofmeyr Individual
Abstract
Introduction
Background
Strontium Isotopes
Oxygen Isotopes
Carbon Isotopes
Geology
Methods
Hofmeyr Skull Samples
Bioavailable Strontium Isotope Study
Results
Bioavailable Strontium Study
Strontium of the Hofmeyr Specimen
Carbon, Oxygen, and Nitrogen of the Hofmeyr Specimen
Enamel Structure and Crown Development in Hofmeyr
Discussion
Bioavailable Strontium Isotope Distributions in the Karoo
Potential Origin and Movements of the Hofmeyr Individual
Dietary Ecology and Paleoclimate
Conclusion
Notes
Acknowledgements
References
Morphological and Morphometric Analyses of the Skull as a Whole
6 Description and Comparative Morphology of the Hofmeyr Skull
Abstract
Introduction
Comparative Samples
Holocene and Recent Humans
Late Pleistocene Humans
Background
Preservation, Damage and Reconstruction
Ontogenetic Age of the Skull
Evidence from the Dentition
Evidence from Cranial Suture Fusion
The Neurocranium
Neurocranial Size and Shape
Individual Components of the Neurocranium
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
The Face
Overall Facial Size and Shape
Individual Components of the Face
The Circumorbital Region
The Midface
The Mandibular Ramus
The Dentition
Comparisons Summary
Acknowledgements
Appendix 6.A1
References
7 The Position of the Hofmeyr Skull within Late Pleistocene and Holocene African Regional Diversity: 2D and 3D Morphometric Analyses
Abstract
Introduction
Case Study One
Materials and Methods
Results of Case Study One
Discussion of Case Study One
Case Study Two
Material and Methods
Results of Case Study Two
Foreword
Preface
Contents
Contributors
1 Introduction: The Fossil Record of Homo sapiens in Africa
Morphological Variability in the Late Quaternary and the Significance of the Hofmeyr Skull
Abstract
Acknowledgements
References
Background and History
2 Lost and Found: The Discovery and Rediscovery of the Hofmeyr Skull
Abstract
Introduction
The Discovery
The First Analyses
The Rediscovery
Hofmeyr and Changing Methods in the Study of Human Origins
Acknowledgements
References
3 Genetic Divergence Within Southern Africa During the Later Stone Age
Abstract
Introduction
The Cradle of Modern Humans
Click-Speaking Hunter-Gatherers Within Africa
Substructure Among the Khoe-San
Late Holocene Gene Flow
Future Directions
Acknowledgements
References
4 Geological Setting of the Hofmeyr Locality
Abstract
Introduction
Geography
Basement Geology
Karoo Supergroup
Karoo Bedrock Minerology
Gondwana Breakup
Post-breakup Southern Africa
Cenozoic Geology
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
5 Isotopic Evidence for the Geographic Origin, Movement and Diet of the Hofmeyr Individual
Abstract
Introduction
Background
Strontium Isotopes
Oxygen Isotopes
Carbon Isotopes
Geology
Methods
Hofmeyr Skull Samples
Bioavailable Strontium Isotope Study
Results
Bioavailable Strontium Study
Strontium of the Hofmeyr Specimen
Carbon, Oxygen, and Nitrogen of the Hofmeyr Specimen
Enamel Structure and Crown Development in Hofmeyr
Discussion
Bioavailable Strontium Isotope Distributions in the Karoo
Potential Origin and Movements of the Hofmeyr Individual
Dietary Ecology and Paleoclimate
Conclusion
Notes
Acknowledgements
References
Morphological and Morphometric Analyses of the Skull as a Whole
6 Description and Comparative Morphology of the Hofmeyr Skull
Abstract
Introduction
Comparative Samples
Holocene and Recent Humans
Late Pleistocene Humans
Background
Preservation, Damage and Reconstruction
Ontogenetic Age of the Skull
Evidence from the Dentition
Evidence from Cranial Suture Fusion
The Neurocranium
Neurocranial Size and Shape
Individual Components of the Neurocranium
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
The Face
Overall Facial Size and Shape
Individual Components of the Face
The Circumorbital Region
The Midface
The Mandibular Ramus
The Dentition
Comparisons Summary
Acknowledgements
Appendix 6.A1
References
7 The Position of the Hofmeyr Skull within Late Pleistocene and Holocene African Regional Diversity: 2D and 3D Morphometric Analyses
Abstract
Introduction
Case Study One
Materials and Methods
Results of Case Study One
Discussion of Case Study One
Case Study Two
Material and Methods
Results of Case Study Two