Intro
List of Reviewers
Contents
About the Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1: Introduction
References
Chapter 2: The Paleoneurology of Early Reptiles
2.1 Early Evolutionary History and Diversity of Reptiles
2.2 Historical Background
2.2.1 The Fossil Record
2.2.2 Unresolved Issues
2.3 Anatomical Overview
2.3.1 Characterization of Cranial Endocast Morphology
2.3.2 Spaces Associated with Cranial Blood Supply
2.4 Brain Evolution and Paleobiological Inferences
2.4.1 Morphological Brain Diversity
2.4.2 Brain-Size Evolution and Encephalization Quotient

2.4.3 Sensory Perception
Hearing and Balance
Olfaction
2.5 Outstanding Questions and Perspectives
2.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3: The Paleoneurology of Ichthyopterygia and Sauropterygia: Diverse Endocranial Anatomies of Secondarily Aquatic Diapsids
3.1 Systematics and Phylogenetic Context
3.1.1 Ichthyopterygia Owen, 1860
3.1.2 Sauropterygia Owen, 1860
3.2 Historical Background
3.2.1 The Record of Endocranial Morphologies and Other Paleoneurological Features in Ichthyopterygia and Sauropterygia
3.2.2 Problematics

3.3 Overview of General and Comparative Anatomy
3.3.1 Characterization of Cranial Endocast Morphology
Ichthyopterygia
Sauropterygia
3.3.2 Voids Associated with Cranial Blood Supply
Ichthyopterygia
Sauropterygia
3.4 Brain Evolution and Paleobiologic Inferences Based on Endocast Morphology
3.4.1 Morphological Brain Diversity
Ichthyopterygia
Sauropterygia
3.4.2 Brain-Size Evolution and Encephalization Quotient
3.4.3 Sensory Evolution in Ichthyopterygia and Sauropterygia
Ichthyopterygia
Sauropterygia

3.5 Future Directions: Outstanding Questions and Perspectives
3.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4: Contrasting Brains and Bones: Neuroanatomical Evolution of Turtles (Testudinata)
4.1 Systematic and Phylogenetic Context
4.2 Historical Background
4.2.1 Summary of Neuroanatomical Research History
4.2.2 Problematics
4.3 Overview of General and Comparative Anatomy
4.3.1 Characterization of Neuroanatomical Structures
Brain Morphology of Turtles
Cranial Nerves of Turtles
Braincase Endocast Morphology of Turtles and Correspondence of Brain and Endocast Shape

Ontogeny of the Turtle Brain and Endocast
Variation in Adult Braincase Endocast Morphology
4.3.2 Spaces Associated with Cranial Blood Supply
Evolution of the Blood Canal System in Turtles
Digital Dissection of Major Cranial Blood Vessels in Trachemys scripta
4.4 Brain Evolution and Paleobiologic Inferences Based on Endocast Morphology
4.4.1 Brain-Size Evolution
4.4.2 Sensory Evolution
Vestibular Sense
Hearing
Vision
Olfaction
4.5 Future Directions
4.6 Concluding Remarks
References