Intro
Contents
About the Editors
1: Conservation of Tropical Forest for the Well-Being of Community
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Importance of Tropical Forest
1.2.1 Forests Are a Source of Food, Raw Materials and Medicine
1.2.2 Forest as Natural Ground Cover
1.2.3 Forests as Earth Weather Stabilisers
1.3 Deforestation of Tropical Forest
1.4 The Importance of Tropical Forest Conservation
1.5 The Economic Valuation of Tropical Forest
1.6 Conclusion
References
2: Forest Pathology in Ecosystem Services
2.1 Introduction

2.2 Ecosystem Services in Forest Pathology
2.2.1 Provisioning Services
2.2.2 Supporting Services
2.2.3 Regulating Services
2.2.4 Cultural Services
2.3 Impact of Forest Diseases on Ecosystem Services in Malaysia
2.4 Impact of Agricultural Activities
2.5 Conclusion
References
3: Non-timber Forest Problems: NTFPs in Conservation and Development Initiatives
3.1 Introduction
3.2 What Are NTFPs?
3.3 Commercialisation for Conservation and Development
3.3.1 Marginalisation
3.3.2 Overexploitation
3.3.3 The Bottom Line: Who Do Incentives Incentivise?

3.4 Beyond Extraction: Other Approaches to NTFPs
3.4.1 Local Management for Local Needs
3.4.2 Integrated Management for Commercialisation
3.4.3 Regulation and Rights
3.5 Conclusion
References
4: Characterizing and Assessing Forest Density and Productivity of Ulu Muda Forest Reserve Based on Satellite Imageries
4.1 Net Primary Productivity
4.2 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
4.3 Motivation of the Study
4.4 Methodology
4.4.1 Study Site
4.4.2 NPP and Social Demographic Ulu Muda FR Community
4.4.3 Satellite Data
4.4.4 Data Analysis

4.4.5 Forest Density Mapping
4.4.5.1 Forest Density Distribution by Area
4.4.5.2 NPP Equation
4.5 Results and Discussion
4.5.1 Forest Density Mapping
4.5.2 Forest Density Distribution Based on Area
4.5.3 Forest Density Distribution More than 1ha
4.5.4 Accuracy Assessment
4.5.5 Producerś and Userś Accuracy
4.5.6 Biophysical and Vegetation Indices
4.5.7 NPP
4.5.8 NPP and Its Impact on the Ulu Muda FR Community
4.6 Conclusion
References
5: Temporal Reduction of Forest Ecosystem Services and Drivers of Deforestation
5.1 Introduction

5.1.1 Deforestation
5.1.2 Determinants of Deforestation and the Impact of Deforestation in Peninsular Malaysia
5.1.3 Greenhouse Gas Emissions
5.2 Deforestation and Impact of Drivers in Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia
5.2.1 Study Area and Conceptual Framework of Deforestation
5.2.2 Hypothesis of the Study and Specification of the Model
5.3 Research Findings: The Impacts of Direct and Indirect Factors on Deforestation
5.3.1 Short- and Long-Run Relationship of Direct and Indirect Determinants of Deforestation
5.3.2 Residual Diagnosis and Model Validation
5.4 Discussion