Intro
Foreward
Preface
Contents
1 Systematization of Materials
References
2 The Material Steel
2.1 What is Steel?
2.2 The Iron-Carbon Diagram
2.3 Designation System and Classification of Steels
2.4 Selected Steels and Special Materials
2.4.1 Quality Steels
2.4.2 Stainless Steels
2.4.3 Tool Steels (Cold Work, Hot Work, High-Speed Steels)
2.4.4 High-quality Engineering Steels (Hardening, Case Hardening and Nitriding Steels)
2.4.5 Nickel Alloys and Special Materials
2.4.6 Other Steels
References
3 Alloying Elements and Steel Properties

3.1 Properties of Steel
3.1.1 Physical Properties
3.1.2 Mechanical-Technical Properties
3.1.3 Technological Properties
3.1.4 Chemical and Technical Properties
3.1.5 Environmental Properties
3.2 Basics of Alloy Technology
3.3 Chemical Elements in Steel and Their Effect on Steel Properties
3.3.1 Gaseous Elements
3.3.2 Solid Elements
Nonmetals
3.3.3 Solid Elements
Semimetals
3.3.4 Solid Elements
Metals
3.3.5 Accompanying or Trace Elements
References
4 Steelmaking
4.1 From the History of Steel
4.2 Steel Production

4.2.1 Blast Furnace Converter Route
4.2.2 Other Iron Ore Reduction Methods
4.2.3 Electrical Furnace Steelmaking
4.3 Post-Treatment of Steel
4.3.1 Ladle Metallurgy
4.3.2 Remelting Processes
4.4 Primary Forming/Casting
4.4.1 Basics of Casting Steel
4.4.2 Ingot Casting
4.4.3 Continuous Casting
References
5 Forming
5.1 Basics of Metal Forming
5.2 Forming Processes
5.2.1 Forging
5.2.1.1 Basics
5.2.1.2 Open Die Forging
5.2.1.3 Die Forging
5.2.1.4 Coining
5.2.2 Flow pressing
5.2.3 Strand Extruding
5.2.4 Rolling
5.2.4.1 Basics of Rolling

5.2.4.2 Rolling Processes
Longitudinal Rolling
Cross Rolling
Skew Rolling
Other Rolling Methods
5.2.5 Deep Drawing
5.2.6 Hydroforming Process
5.2.7 Internal High Pressure Forming
5.2.8 High-Energy Forming
5.2.9 Drawing
5.2.9.1 Wire Drawing
5.2.9.2 Bar Drawing
5.2.9.3 Tube Drawing
5.2.9.4 Roll-Drawing Process
5.2.10 Special Forming Processes
5.2.10.1 Powder Metallurgy
5.2.10.2 Additive Processes (3D Printing)
References
6 Heat Treatment of Steel
6.1 Remarks
6.2 Heat Treatment Types
6.2.1 Normalizing
6.2.2 Soft Annealing

6.2.3 Recrystallization Annealing
6.2.4 Diffusion Annealing
6.2.5 Solution Annealing
6.2.6 Stress Relieving Annealing
6.2.7 Hardening
6.2.7.1 Transformation Hardening
6.2.7.2 Tempering
6.2.8 Precipitation Hardening
6.2.9 Cold Hardening
6.2.10 Press Hardening
6.3 Plants for Heat Treatment
References
7 Material Testing
7.1 Basics
7.2 Destructive Testing
7.2.1 Tensile Test
7.2.2 Hardness Test
7.2.3 Charpy Impact Test
7.2.4 Analysis Methods for Steel
7.2.4.1 X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis
7.2.4.2 Optical Emission Spectrometry