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Table of Contents
Intro
Contents
1: General Introduction
1.1 Dental Resin Composites
1.2 Cavity Design for Posterior Composite Restorations
1.3 Composite Placement
1.4 Bulk Fill Resin Composites
References
2: What Are Bulk Fill (BF) Composites and How Do They Differ from Non-BF Composites?
2.1 What Are Bulk Fill Composites?
2.2 Composition and Microstructure
2.2.1 Organic Phase (Resin Matrix)
2.2.1.1 Conventional Composite Monomer
2.2.1.2 Bulk Fill Monomer Modifications
2.2.2 Inorganic Phase (Fillers)
2.2.2.1 Conventional Composite Fillers
2.2.2.2 Bulk Fill Filler Modifications
2.2.3 Microstructure
2.2.4 Coupling Agent (Silanes)
2.2.4.1 Polymerization Initiation System of Bulk Fill
2.3 Classification of Bulk Fill Composite
2.3.1 According to Viscosity
2.3.1.1 Low Viscosity Bulk Fill
2.3.1.2 High Viscosity Bulk Fill
2.3.2 Modified High Viscosity Bulk Fill
2.3.2.1 Sonically Activated Bulk Fill
2.3.2.2 Thermo-Viscous Bulk Fill
2.3.2.3 Fibre-Reinforced Bulk Fill
2.3.3 Dual Cured Bulk Fill Composite Resin
2.3.4 Clinical Relevance
2.4 Bulk Fill Shades and Depth of Cure
4.1 Formulation of RBCs
4.1.1 Q1. Photon Penetration into RBCs
4.1.2 Q2. Photons Encounter PI Molecules
4.2 Degree of Conversion
4.3 "Bleaching" of Photo-Initiators and Colour Stability of BF-RBCs
4.4 The Reciprocity Hypothesis
4.5 Shrinkage Phenomena
4.6 Photo-Curing of Highly Filled Systems Following Pre-Heating or Sonication
4.7 Depth of Cure
References
5: How Do I Select and Deploy Light Curing Units for BFC?
5.1 What Are the Older LCU Technologies?
5.2 Selection Principles
5.3 Before Deploying Light
5.3.1 Consider the Diameter of the LCU Tip
5.3.2 Consider the Distance/Angulation of the LCU Tip
5.3.3 Consider Thermal Energy from the LCU and the Polymerization Kinetics
5.4 How Can LCU Performance Be Validated?
5.4.1 Precision Laboratory Methods
5.4.1.1 Top and Bottom Hardness
5.4.1.2 Slotted Moulds to Measure Hardness/Depth Profiles
5.4.2 Simpler Measurements in the Dental Clinic
5.4.3 Developing Photocuring Skills and Good Working Practice
References
6: Physical and Mechanical Properties of BFC's
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Flexural Strength
Contents
1: General Introduction
1.1 Dental Resin Composites
1.2 Cavity Design for Posterior Composite Restorations
1.3 Composite Placement
1.4 Bulk Fill Resin Composites
References
2: What Are Bulk Fill (BF) Composites and How Do They Differ from Non-BF Composites?
2.1 What Are Bulk Fill Composites?
2.2 Composition and Microstructure
2.2.1 Organic Phase (Resin Matrix)
2.2.1.1 Conventional Composite Monomer
2.2.1.2 Bulk Fill Monomer Modifications
2.2.2 Inorganic Phase (Fillers)
2.2.2.1 Conventional Composite Fillers
2.2.2.2 Bulk Fill Filler Modifications
2.2.3 Microstructure
2.2.4 Coupling Agent (Silanes)
2.2.4.1 Polymerization Initiation System of Bulk Fill
2.3 Classification of Bulk Fill Composite
2.3.1 According to Viscosity
2.3.1.1 Low Viscosity Bulk Fill
2.3.1.2 High Viscosity Bulk Fill
2.3.2 Modified High Viscosity Bulk Fill
2.3.2.1 Sonically Activated Bulk Fill
2.3.2.2 Thermo-Viscous Bulk Fill
2.3.2.3 Fibre-Reinforced Bulk Fill
2.3.3 Dual Cured Bulk Fill Composite Resin
2.3.4 Clinical Relevance
2.4 Bulk Fill Shades and Depth of Cure
4.1 Formulation of RBCs
4.1.1 Q1. Photon Penetration into RBCs
4.1.2 Q2. Photons Encounter PI Molecules
4.2 Degree of Conversion
4.3 "Bleaching" of Photo-Initiators and Colour Stability of BF-RBCs
4.4 The Reciprocity Hypothesis
4.5 Shrinkage Phenomena
4.6 Photo-Curing of Highly Filled Systems Following Pre-Heating or Sonication
4.7 Depth of Cure
References
5: How Do I Select and Deploy Light Curing Units for BFC?
5.1 What Are the Older LCU Technologies?
5.2 Selection Principles
5.3 Before Deploying Light
5.3.1 Consider the Diameter of the LCU Tip
5.3.2 Consider the Distance/Angulation of the LCU Tip
5.3.3 Consider Thermal Energy from the LCU and the Polymerization Kinetics
5.4 How Can LCU Performance Be Validated?
5.4.1 Precision Laboratory Methods
5.4.1.1 Top and Bottom Hardness
5.4.1.2 Slotted Moulds to Measure Hardness/Depth Profiles
5.4.2 Simpler Measurements in the Dental Clinic
5.4.3 Developing Photocuring Skills and Good Working Practice
References
6: Physical and Mechanical Properties of BFC's
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Flexural Strength