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Table of Contents
Front Cover
The Energy Internet
Related titles
The Energy Internet
Copyright
Contents
List of contributors
Preface
One - Enabling Technologies and Technical Solutions
1 - Centralized, decentralized, and distributed control for Energy Internet
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Smart grid versus Energy Internet
1.1.2 The role of microgrids in the structure of the Energy Internet
1.1.3 Data acquisition in the legacy power system and Energy Internet network
1.2 Energy management approaches in energy networks
1.2.1 Centralized control
1.2.2 Decentralized control
1.2.3 Distributed control
1.3 Characteristics of communication networks of Energy Internet network
1.4 Conclusion and future research
References
2 - Solid state transformers, the Energy Router and the Energy Internet
2.1 The Energy Internet
2.2 The Energy Router
2.3 Medium voltage power electronics based distribution system
2.4 Status of solid state transformer developments
2.5 Smart grid functionalities of the solid state transformer
2.5.1 Reactive power support
2.5.2 Voltage sag mitigation
2.5.3 Harmonic mitigation
2.5.4 Current limiting and short circuit protection
2.5.5 DC connectivity and DC microgrid
2.5.6 Solid state transformer as an Energy Router
2.6 Conclusions
References
3 - Energy Internet blockchain technology
3.1 Overview
3.2 The application of blockchain technology in energy scenarios
3.2.1 The impact of blockchain technology on the Energy Internet
3.2.1.1 The inherent consistency of the Energy Internet and blockchain technology
3.2.2 Application of blockchain technology in energy scenarios
3.2.2.1 Pain points of the energy industry
Power generation
Power transmission and distribution
Power consumption
3.2.3 Application scenarios
3.2.3.1 Power generation.
Auxiliary services
Power generation management
Distributed power source operation and maintenance management
3.2.3.2 Transmission and distribution
Automatic dispatch
Unified multienergy metering
Security of information and the physical system
3.2.3.3 Load
Design of virtual power plant
Application in the carbon market
3.3 Application case analysis of blockchain technology in the energy industry
3.3.1 America: TransActive Grid
3.3.2 Australia: Power Ledger
3.3.3 China: Energy Blockchain Lab
3.4 Challenges in the application of blockchain technology in the energy industry
3.4.1 Technical challenges
3.4.1.1 Low throughput
3.4.1.2 Underdeveloped IOT technology
3.4.1.3 Validation breaches and privacy leakage risks
3.4.2 Policy challenges
3.4.2.1 Regulatory and normative policies
3.4.2.2 Industrial monopoly limits the application of the energy blockchain
3.4.2.3 Obstacle from the game of stakeholders
3.4.2.4 Collection of electricity surcharge
3.4.2.5 Initial coin offering financing problem
3.5 Conclusion
References
Further reading
4 - Resilient community microgrids: governance and operational challenges
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Benefits, challenges, and advantages of multistakeholder microgrids
4.2.1 Scale
4.2.2 Diversification
4.2.3 Enhanced or enabled benefits
4.2.4 Challenges for multistakeholder microgrids
4.2.4.1 Cost
4.2.4.2 Governance and operations
4.2.4.3 Technical operations
4.3 Benefit of improving restoration rate in the initial recovery phase
4.3.1 Major events
4.3.1.1 Commercial and industrial cost models
Medium and large commercial and industrial cost model
Small commercial and industrial cost model
4.3.1.2 Residential cost model
Food spoilage and meals
Shelter cost
Inconvenience costs.
Health and safety costs
4.3.1.3 Restoration model
Restoration model case study
4.3.1.4 Numerical analysis of the effect of increased number of crews in the restoration model
4.3.1.5 Cost analysis of the case study
4.4 Potsdam case study
4.4.1 Reforming the energy vision overview
4.4.2 Potsdam microgrid project
4.4.2.1 Monetary and societal benefits
Generation
Demand response
Microgrid controller and system management
4.4.2.2 Business model option for potsdam microgrid
4.5 Community benefits
4.5.1 Regional and societal benefits
4.5.2 Cost recovery
4.6 Critical issues
4.7 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Further reading
5 - Electricity market reform
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Electricity market paradigms within energy internet
5.2.1 Internetwork trading with peer-to-peer models
5.2.2 Indirect customer-to-customer trading
5.2.3 Prosumer community groups
5.3 Transactive energy as a platform for energy transactions
5.3.1 Motivation and definition of transactive electrical grid
5.3.2 The development of transactive energy
5.3.3 Energy transactions and business model innovations
5.3.4 Challenges and future development of transactive energy
5.4 Conclusion
References
6 - Medium-voltage DC power distribution technology
6.1 Development background
6.2 Application advantages and scenarios
6.3 System architecture technology
6.3.1 Topology
6.3.2 Bus structure
6.3.3 Grounding form
6.3.3.1 Grounding location
6.3.3.2 Grounding type
6.3.4 Organization forms of distributed sources
6.3.5 Connection forms between different buses
6.4 Key equipment technology
6.4.1 Voltage source converter
6.4.2 DC transformer
6.4.3 DC breaker
6.5 Control technology
6.5.1 Converter control
6.5.2 Multisource coordination control.
6.5.2.1 Bus voltage control
6.5.2.2 Power quality management
6.5.3 Multibus network-level control
6.6 Protection technology
6.7 Practical medium-voltage DC Energy Internet systems in China
6.7.1 Medium-voltage DC Energy Internet system in Shenzhen
6.7.1.1 Technical demands from Baolong Industrial Park
6.7.1.2 Two-terminal "Hand in Hand" architecture
6.7.1.3 Key equipment scheme
6.7.1.4 Multifunctional operation ways
Two-terminal power supply operation
Single-terminal power supply operation
Two-terminal isolation operation
Power support operation
STATCOM operation
Back-to-back operation
Island operation
6.7.1.5 Protection scheme
6.7.2 Medium-voltage DC Energy Internet system in Zhuhai
6.7.2.1 Technical demands from Tangjiawan Science Park
6.7.2.2 Three-terminal architecture
6.7.2.3 Key equipment scheme
6.7.2.4 Control scheme
6.8 Summary
7 - Transactive energy in future smart homes
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Demand response
7.3 Demand response programs
7.4 Transactive energy
7.5 Transactive energy definition
7.6 What is the Gridwise Architecture Council?
7.7 Transactive energy framework and attributes
7.8 Transactive energy principles and purpose
7.8.1 Transactive energy purpose
7.8.2 Transactive energy principles
7.9 Transactive energy control and coordination
7.10 Transactive energy challenges
7.10.1 Consumer behavior
7.10.2 System management
7.10.3 Scalability
7.10.4 Technology
7.11 Transactive energy systems
7.11.1 Definition of transactive energy systems
7.12 Transactive energy in home energy management systems
7.12.1 Challenges and opportunities of home energy management system
7.12.2 Case study
7.12.2.1 Modeling framework for the smart homes
7.12.2.2 Problem formulation for the smart homes
Objective function.
Power balance constraints
PV constraints
Battery storage constraints
Local transaction market constraints
7.12.2.3 Operation models for smart homes based on transactive energy management
7.12.2.4 Numerical results analysis
7.13 Future work
7.14 Conclusion
References
8 - Emerging data encryption methods applicable to Energy Internet
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Importance of digital signatures in the Energy Internet
8.3 Secret key cryptography (symmetric key cryptography)
8.4 Public key cryptography (asymmetric key cryptography)
8.5 Quantum key distribution
8.6 Application of quantum key distribution to the Energy Internet
8.7 Comparison of different cryptography methods-pros and cons
8.8 Future trends and opportunities in cyber security
References
Two - Real-world Implementation and Pilot Projects
9 - Enabling technologies and technical solutions for the Energy Internet: lessons learned and case studies from Pecan Stre ...
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Characteristic technologies of the energy internet
9.3 A smarter grid: information and communication technology solutions
9.3.1 Cybersecurity considerations
9.3.2 Big data management and software as a service solutions
9.3.2.1 Case study: automated demand response coordination for transformer load balancing
9.4 Prosumers: enabling proactive energy consumers
9.4.1 Power factor correction strategies
9.4.1.1 Case study: battery as generation and load shifting
9.4.1.2 Case study: islanding as a demand response application for batteries
9.5 Recommendations for accelerating the shift toward clean energy
9.6 Conclusion
References
10 - How the Brooklyn Microgrid and TransActive Grid are paving the way to next-gen energy markets
10.1 Transactive energy
10.1.1 Energy marketplace.
10.1.1.1 Growing adoption of renewable energy.
The Energy Internet
Related titles
The Energy Internet
Copyright
Contents
List of contributors
Preface
One - Enabling Technologies and Technical Solutions
1 - Centralized, decentralized, and distributed control for Energy Internet
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Smart grid versus Energy Internet
1.1.2 The role of microgrids in the structure of the Energy Internet
1.1.3 Data acquisition in the legacy power system and Energy Internet network
1.2 Energy management approaches in energy networks
1.2.1 Centralized control
1.2.2 Decentralized control
1.2.3 Distributed control
1.3 Characteristics of communication networks of Energy Internet network
1.4 Conclusion and future research
References
2 - Solid state transformers, the Energy Router and the Energy Internet
2.1 The Energy Internet
2.2 The Energy Router
2.3 Medium voltage power electronics based distribution system
2.4 Status of solid state transformer developments
2.5 Smart grid functionalities of the solid state transformer
2.5.1 Reactive power support
2.5.2 Voltage sag mitigation
2.5.3 Harmonic mitigation
2.5.4 Current limiting and short circuit protection
2.5.5 DC connectivity and DC microgrid
2.5.6 Solid state transformer as an Energy Router
2.6 Conclusions
References
3 - Energy Internet blockchain technology
3.1 Overview
3.2 The application of blockchain technology in energy scenarios
3.2.1 The impact of blockchain technology on the Energy Internet
3.2.1.1 The inherent consistency of the Energy Internet and blockchain technology
3.2.2 Application of blockchain technology in energy scenarios
3.2.2.1 Pain points of the energy industry
Power generation
Power transmission and distribution
Power consumption
3.2.3 Application scenarios
3.2.3.1 Power generation.
Auxiliary services
Power generation management
Distributed power source operation and maintenance management
3.2.3.2 Transmission and distribution
Automatic dispatch
Unified multienergy metering
Security of information and the physical system
3.2.3.3 Load
Design of virtual power plant
Application in the carbon market
3.3 Application case analysis of blockchain technology in the energy industry
3.3.1 America: TransActive Grid
3.3.2 Australia: Power Ledger
3.3.3 China: Energy Blockchain Lab
3.4 Challenges in the application of blockchain technology in the energy industry
3.4.1 Technical challenges
3.4.1.1 Low throughput
3.4.1.2 Underdeveloped IOT technology
3.4.1.3 Validation breaches and privacy leakage risks
3.4.2 Policy challenges
3.4.2.1 Regulatory and normative policies
3.4.2.2 Industrial monopoly limits the application of the energy blockchain
3.4.2.3 Obstacle from the game of stakeholders
3.4.2.4 Collection of electricity surcharge
3.4.2.5 Initial coin offering financing problem
3.5 Conclusion
References
Further reading
4 - Resilient community microgrids: governance and operational challenges
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Benefits, challenges, and advantages of multistakeholder microgrids
4.2.1 Scale
4.2.2 Diversification
4.2.3 Enhanced or enabled benefits
4.2.4 Challenges for multistakeholder microgrids
4.2.4.1 Cost
4.2.4.2 Governance and operations
4.2.4.3 Technical operations
4.3 Benefit of improving restoration rate in the initial recovery phase
4.3.1 Major events
4.3.1.1 Commercial and industrial cost models
Medium and large commercial and industrial cost model
Small commercial and industrial cost model
4.3.1.2 Residential cost model
Food spoilage and meals
Shelter cost
Inconvenience costs.
Health and safety costs
4.3.1.3 Restoration model
Restoration model case study
4.3.1.4 Numerical analysis of the effect of increased number of crews in the restoration model
4.3.1.5 Cost analysis of the case study
4.4 Potsdam case study
4.4.1 Reforming the energy vision overview
4.4.2 Potsdam microgrid project
4.4.2.1 Monetary and societal benefits
Generation
Demand response
Microgrid controller and system management
4.4.2.2 Business model option for potsdam microgrid
4.5 Community benefits
4.5.1 Regional and societal benefits
4.5.2 Cost recovery
4.6 Critical issues
4.7 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Further reading
5 - Electricity market reform
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Electricity market paradigms within energy internet
5.2.1 Internetwork trading with peer-to-peer models
5.2.2 Indirect customer-to-customer trading
5.2.3 Prosumer community groups
5.3 Transactive energy as a platform for energy transactions
5.3.1 Motivation and definition of transactive electrical grid
5.3.2 The development of transactive energy
5.3.3 Energy transactions and business model innovations
5.3.4 Challenges and future development of transactive energy
5.4 Conclusion
References
6 - Medium-voltage DC power distribution technology
6.1 Development background
6.2 Application advantages and scenarios
6.3 System architecture technology
6.3.1 Topology
6.3.2 Bus structure
6.3.3 Grounding form
6.3.3.1 Grounding location
6.3.3.2 Grounding type
6.3.4 Organization forms of distributed sources
6.3.5 Connection forms between different buses
6.4 Key equipment technology
6.4.1 Voltage source converter
6.4.2 DC transformer
6.4.3 DC breaker
6.5 Control technology
6.5.1 Converter control
6.5.2 Multisource coordination control.
6.5.2.1 Bus voltage control
6.5.2.2 Power quality management
6.5.3 Multibus network-level control
6.6 Protection technology
6.7 Practical medium-voltage DC Energy Internet systems in China
6.7.1 Medium-voltage DC Energy Internet system in Shenzhen
6.7.1.1 Technical demands from Baolong Industrial Park
6.7.1.2 Two-terminal "Hand in Hand" architecture
6.7.1.3 Key equipment scheme
6.7.1.4 Multifunctional operation ways
Two-terminal power supply operation
Single-terminal power supply operation
Two-terminal isolation operation
Power support operation
STATCOM operation
Back-to-back operation
Island operation
6.7.1.5 Protection scheme
6.7.2 Medium-voltage DC Energy Internet system in Zhuhai
6.7.2.1 Technical demands from Tangjiawan Science Park
6.7.2.2 Three-terminal architecture
6.7.2.3 Key equipment scheme
6.7.2.4 Control scheme
6.8 Summary
7 - Transactive energy in future smart homes
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Demand response
7.3 Demand response programs
7.4 Transactive energy
7.5 Transactive energy definition
7.6 What is the Gridwise Architecture Council?
7.7 Transactive energy framework and attributes
7.8 Transactive energy principles and purpose
7.8.1 Transactive energy purpose
7.8.2 Transactive energy principles
7.9 Transactive energy control and coordination
7.10 Transactive energy challenges
7.10.1 Consumer behavior
7.10.2 System management
7.10.3 Scalability
7.10.4 Technology
7.11 Transactive energy systems
7.11.1 Definition of transactive energy systems
7.12 Transactive energy in home energy management systems
7.12.1 Challenges and opportunities of home energy management system
7.12.2 Case study
7.12.2.1 Modeling framework for the smart homes
7.12.2.2 Problem formulation for the smart homes
Objective function.
Power balance constraints
PV constraints
Battery storage constraints
Local transaction market constraints
7.12.2.3 Operation models for smart homes based on transactive energy management
7.12.2.4 Numerical results analysis
7.13 Future work
7.14 Conclusion
References
8 - Emerging data encryption methods applicable to Energy Internet
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Importance of digital signatures in the Energy Internet
8.3 Secret key cryptography (symmetric key cryptography)
8.4 Public key cryptography (asymmetric key cryptography)
8.5 Quantum key distribution
8.6 Application of quantum key distribution to the Energy Internet
8.7 Comparison of different cryptography methods-pros and cons
8.8 Future trends and opportunities in cyber security
References
Two - Real-world Implementation and Pilot Projects
9 - Enabling technologies and technical solutions for the Energy Internet: lessons learned and case studies from Pecan Stre ...
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Characteristic technologies of the energy internet
9.3 A smarter grid: information and communication technology solutions
9.3.1 Cybersecurity considerations
9.3.2 Big data management and software as a service solutions
9.3.2.1 Case study: automated demand response coordination for transformer load balancing
9.4 Prosumers: enabling proactive energy consumers
9.4.1 Power factor correction strategies
9.4.1.1 Case study: battery as generation and load shifting
9.4.1.2 Case study: islanding as a demand response application for batteries
9.5 Recommendations for accelerating the shift toward clean energy
9.6 Conclusion
References
10 - How the Brooklyn Microgrid and TransActive Grid are paving the way to next-gen energy markets
10.1 Transactive energy
10.1.1 Energy marketplace.
10.1.1.1 Growing adoption of renewable energy.