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Table of Contents
Intro
Clinical Cases and Applications
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Illustrator
About the Contributor
1. Introduction
1.1 The Clinical Usefulness of Speech and Voice Science
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
Scenario 3
1.2 Defining Speech Science
1.3 Advice for Students on Effective Study Techniques
Study as Though You Are Having a Test Every Week
Study With a Partner or Group
Reach Beyond Memorization to Understand the Material
Administer Self-Exams
Stay Mindfully Present in Class
Don't Focus Only on the Slides!
Read Assignments Before and After Class
Use the Study Aids
Understand the Reason Why Facts Are Important
Create Diagrams and Charts
Do Not Rely on Index Cards
Talk It Out!
Look Over Your Tests and Quizzes for a Pattern of Errors
Work It Out!
Ask the Instructor
Make Sure That Your Study Time Is Focused Without Distractions
Don't Wait Until the End of the Semester to Ask Your Professor for Help!
Advice for Synchronous or Asynchronous Online Classes
2. Describing and Explaining Motion
2.1 Systems of Measurement
2.2 Describing Motion: Speed, Velocity, Acceleration, and Deceleration
2.3 Newton's Laws Explain Motion
The First Law of Motion
The Second Law of Motion
The Third Law of Motion
2.4 Momentum and Energy
Momentum
Energy
Energy, Work, and Power
Kinetic and Potential Energy
2.5 Three States of Matter
Density
Elasticity and Stiffness
Pressure
Units of Measurement of Pressure
References
3. Sound Waves
3.1 Vibration
3.2 The Nature of Waves
Pulse Waves
Longitudinal Pressure Waves
3.3 Transfer of Energy in Waves
3.4 Visualizing a Sound Wave
3.5 Properties of Sound Waves
Frequency
Period
Intensity
Wavelength
Speed of Sound
3.6 The Perception of Sound Waves.
Perception of Intensity
Perception of Frequency
3.7 Pure and Complex Tones
Power Spectra
Noise
3.8 Behavior of Sound Waves
Interference
Boundaries
Reflection
3.9 Resonance
Natural Resonant Frequency
Standing Wave Patterns
Rules Governing Standing Waves
Forced Vibration
Acoustic Resonators
Recommended Internet Sites for Further Learning
References
4. Breathing
Clinical Case 1: Breath-Holding Speech
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Respiration
4.3 Balloons or Boyle's Law?
4.4 Anatomy of the Lower Airway
The Work of Muscles
Agonist-Antagonist Pairs
Muscles and Levers
The Muscles of Breathing
4.5 The Biomechanics of Breathing
The Biomechanics of Tidal Breathing
Lung Volumes and Capacities
The Biomechanics of Forced Inhalation and Exhalation
4.6 The Biomechanics of Speech Breathing
Relaxation Curve and Phonation
Running Speech
Phrase Breath Groups
Adaptation of Speech Breathing to Variable Internal and External Demands
Body Type
Cognitive-Linguistic Variables
Speech Breathing Personality
Respiratory Demands
4.7 The Work of Breathing
Airway Resistance
Laminar and Turbulent Airflow
Elastic Resistance
Viscosity
4.8 Instrumentation for Measuring Breathing Kinematics
Electromyography (EMG)
Respiratory Inductance Plethysmography
4.9 Clinical Application: Disorders Related to Breathing
Etiologies
Symptoms and Characteristics
Diagnostic Strategies
Therapeutic Approaches
Recommended Internet Sites for Further Learning
References
5. Phonation I: Basic Voice Science
Clinical Case 2: Running Out of Breath
5.1 Overview
5.2 Anatomy of the Larynx
Structural Framework
Laryngeal Membranes and Cavities
Three Functions of the Larynx
Laryngeal Muscles
Intrinsic Muscles
Extrinsic Muscles.
The Vocal Folds
Structural Overview
Lamina Propria
Mechanical Layers
Cricothyroid Joints
Cricoarytenoid Joints
Blood Supply to the Larynx and Lymphatic Drainage
5.3 Neural Control of Phonation
Central Motor Control
Peripheral Motor Neural Control and Brainstem Nuclei
Peripheral Sensory Control and Brainstem Nuclei
5.4 Theories of Voice Production
The Bernoulli Effect
The Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory
5.5 Biomechanics of Vocal Fold Vibration
Viscoelastic Component
Vertical Phase Difference: The Mucosal Wave
The Importance of Vocal Fold Closure
Glottal Volume Velocity
Laryngeal Airway Resistance
Phonation Threshold Pressure
Phonation Onset
5.6 Biomechanical Stress-Strain Properties of Vocal Fold Tissues
5.7 Physiology of Phonatory Control
Fundamental Frequency (ƒo)
Natural Resonance of the Vocal Folds
Cover-Dominant Vibration
Body Plus Cover Vibration
Lung Pressure in the Regulation of ƒo
Differential Control of ƒo : Evidence From EMG Data
Control of Intensity
Auditory Feedback of Control of ƒo and Intensity
Biomechanical Forces During Phonation
5.8 Voice Quality
5.9 Clinical Application: Disorders Related to Voice Production
Etiologies
Symptoms and Characteristics
Diagnostic Strategies
Therapeutic Approaches
Recommended Internet Sites for Further Learning
References
6. Phonation II: Measurement and Instrumentation
Clinical Case 3: Camp Voice
6.1 Measurement of ƒo and Intensity
ƒo Measures
Intensity Measures
Voice Range Profile (VRP)
6.2 Measurement of Phonatory Aerodynamics
Airflow and Lung Pressure
Vocal Efficiency
S/Z Ratio
Maximum Phonation Time
Phonation Quotient
6.3 Instrumentation for Exploring the Dynamics of the Vocal Folds
Stroboscopy
High-Speed Laryngeal Imaging.
Videokymography (VKG)
Photoglottography (PGG)
Electroglottography (EGG)
Open Quotient (OQ), Speed Quotient (SQ), and Contact Quotient (CQ)
6.4 Vocal Registers
Modal Register
Vocal Fry
Falsetto
Clinical Case 4: Persistent Mutational Falsetto
Recommended Internet Sites for Further Learning
References
7. The Production and Perception of Vowels
Clinical Case 5: Accent Management
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Acoustic Theory of Speech Production
Acoustic Characteristics of the Source
The Vocal Tract Transfer Function
Acoustic Characteristics of Lip Radiation
Resonance and Standing Waves
7.3 Vowels
Vocal Tract Constrictions and Formant Frequencies
First Formant Frequency (F1)
Second Formant Frequency (F2)
Third Formant Frequency (F3)
The Traditional Vowel Quadrilateral
Vowel Quality and Articulatory Posture
Acoustic Representation of Vowel Quality
Resonating Cavities of the Vocal Tract
Vowel Formant Normative Data
Tense-Lax Vowel Quality and Inherent Duration
Rhotacized Vowel Quality
Diphthongs
Intrinsic Pitch of Vowels
7.4 Language and Dialect Influences on Vowel Production
Accentedness - Everyone Has an Accent!
7.5 The Vocal Tract as a Regulator of Intensity
Harmonic Structure, Energy Loss, and Near-Periodicity
Revisiting the Voice Range Profile
Singer's Formant and Formant Tuning
Speaker's Formant
7.6 Acoustic Filters
7.7 Instrumentation for Measuring Vocal Tract Acoustics
Sound Spectrography
Narrowband and Wideband Spectrograms
Exploring Spectrograms
Visualizing Language and Dialectical Vowel Differences
Nearly Periodic Voice Source
Voiceprints: Voice Science or Science Fiction?
Quantitative Spectral Measures
Long-Term Average Spectrum
Harmonics-to-Noise Ratio
Cepstral Measures
Inverse Filtering.
7.8 Vocal Tract Imaging: Current Research and Future Trends
Conventional Radiography (X-rays)
Computed Tomography (CT)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Ultrasound
Clinical Case 6: Ataxic Dysarthria
Recommended Internet Sites for Further Learning
References
8. The Production and Perception of Consonants
Clinical Case 7: Facial Nerve Trauma
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Three Sources of Speech Sounds
Coarticulation
8.3 Phonetic Description of Consonants
Place of Articulation
Manner of Articulation
8.4 Acoustic Representation of Consonants
Stops
Stop Gap
Release Burst
Aspiration
Voice Onset Time
Formant Transitions
Released and Unreleased Stops
Glottal Stop
Fricatives
Approximants
Glides (Semivowels)
Liquids
Nasals
Vowel Nasalization
Affricates
8.5 Clinical Application: Speech Sound Disorders
Etiologies
Symptoms and Characteristics
Diagnostic Strategies
Therapeutic Strategies
8.6 Language and Dialect Influences on Consonant Production
Accentedness
8.7 Instrumentation and Measurement of Vocal Tract Aerodynamics
Intraoral Air Pressure
Nasal Airflow and Acoustics
Nasal Airflow
Nasalance
8.8 Instrumentation for Measuring Articulation
X-ray Microbeam
Electromagnetic Midsagittal Articulography (EMMA)
Optoelectronic Tracking
Strain Gauges
Electropalatography
Clinical Case 8: Articulation Errors
Recommended Internet Sites for Further Learning
References
9. Prosody
Clinical Case 9: Parkinson's Disease
9.1 Introduction to Prosody
9.2 Basic Building Blocks of Prosody
Intonation (ƒo Contour)
Timing (Duration and Juncture)
Loudness (Intensity Contour)
9.3 Syllabic Stress and Prominence
9.4 Speech Rhythm
Temporal Measurement of Rhythm
9.5 Accentedness and Prosody.
9.6 In Summary of Prosody.
Clinical Cases and Applications
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Illustrator
About the Contributor
1. Introduction
1.1 The Clinical Usefulness of Speech and Voice Science
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
Scenario 3
1.2 Defining Speech Science
1.3 Advice for Students on Effective Study Techniques
Study as Though You Are Having a Test Every Week
Study With a Partner or Group
Reach Beyond Memorization to Understand the Material
Administer Self-Exams
Stay Mindfully Present in Class
Don't Focus Only on the Slides!
Read Assignments Before and After Class
Use the Study Aids
Understand the Reason Why Facts Are Important
Create Diagrams and Charts
Do Not Rely on Index Cards
Talk It Out!
Look Over Your Tests and Quizzes for a Pattern of Errors
Work It Out!
Ask the Instructor
Make Sure That Your Study Time Is Focused Without Distractions
Don't Wait Until the End of the Semester to Ask Your Professor for Help!
Advice for Synchronous or Asynchronous Online Classes
2. Describing and Explaining Motion
2.1 Systems of Measurement
2.2 Describing Motion: Speed, Velocity, Acceleration, and Deceleration
2.3 Newton's Laws Explain Motion
The First Law of Motion
The Second Law of Motion
The Third Law of Motion
2.4 Momentum and Energy
Momentum
Energy
Energy, Work, and Power
Kinetic and Potential Energy
2.5 Three States of Matter
Density
Elasticity and Stiffness
Pressure
Units of Measurement of Pressure
References
3. Sound Waves
3.1 Vibration
3.2 The Nature of Waves
Pulse Waves
Longitudinal Pressure Waves
3.3 Transfer of Energy in Waves
3.4 Visualizing a Sound Wave
3.5 Properties of Sound Waves
Frequency
Period
Intensity
Wavelength
Speed of Sound
3.6 The Perception of Sound Waves.
Perception of Intensity
Perception of Frequency
3.7 Pure and Complex Tones
Power Spectra
Noise
3.8 Behavior of Sound Waves
Interference
Boundaries
Reflection
3.9 Resonance
Natural Resonant Frequency
Standing Wave Patterns
Rules Governing Standing Waves
Forced Vibration
Acoustic Resonators
Recommended Internet Sites for Further Learning
References
4. Breathing
Clinical Case 1: Breath-Holding Speech
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Respiration
4.3 Balloons or Boyle's Law?
4.4 Anatomy of the Lower Airway
The Work of Muscles
Agonist-Antagonist Pairs
Muscles and Levers
The Muscles of Breathing
4.5 The Biomechanics of Breathing
The Biomechanics of Tidal Breathing
Lung Volumes and Capacities
The Biomechanics of Forced Inhalation and Exhalation
4.6 The Biomechanics of Speech Breathing
Relaxation Curve and Phonation
Running Speech
Phrase Breath Groups
Adaptation of Speech Breathing to Variable Internal and External Demands
Body Type
Cognitive-Linguistic Variables
Speech Breathing Personality
Respiratory Demands
4.7 The Work of Breathing
Airway Resistance
Laminar and Turbulent Airflow
Elastic Resistance
Viscosity
4.8 Instrumentation for Measuring Breathing Kinematics
Electromyography (EMG)
Respiratory Inductance Plethysmography
4.9 Clinical Application: Disorders Related to Breathing
Etiologies
Symptoms and Characteristics
Diagnostic Strategies
Therapeutic Approaches
Recommended Internet Sites for Further Learning
References
5. Phonation I: Basic Voice Science
Clinical Case 2: Running Out of Breath
5.1 Overview
5.2 Anatomy of the Larynx
Structural Framework
Laryngeal Membranes and Cavities
Three Functions of the Larynx
Laryngeal Muscles
Intrinsic Muscles
Extrinsic Muscles.
The Vocal Folds
Structural Overview
Lamina Propria
Mechanical Layers
Cricothyroid Joints
Cricoarytenoid Joints
Blood Supply to the Larynx and Lymphatic Drainage
5.3 Neural Control of Phonation
Central Motor Control
Peripheral Motor Neural Control and Brainstem Nuclei
Peripheral Sensory Control and Brainstem Nuclei
5.4 Theories of Voice Production
The Bernoulli Effect
The Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory
5.5 Biomechanics of Vocal Fold Vibration
Viscoelastic Component
Vertical Phase Difference: The Mucosal Wave
The Importance of Vocal Fold Closure
Glottal Volume Velocity
Laryngeal Airway Resistance
Phonation Threshold Pressure
Phonation Onset
5.6 Biomechanical Stress-Strain Properties of Vocal Fold Tissues
5.7 Physiology of Phonatory Control
Fundamental Frequency (ƒo)
Natural Resonance of the Vocal Folds
Cover-Dominant Vibration
Body Plus Cover Vibration
Lung Pressure in the Regulation of ƒo
Differential Control of ƒo : Evidence From EMG Data
Control of Intensity
Auditory Feedback of Control of ƒo and Intensity
Biomechanical Forces During Phonation
5.8 Voice Quality
5.9 Clinical Application: Disorders Related to Voice Production
Etiologies
Symptoms and Characteristics
Diagnostic Strategies
Therapeutic Approaches
Recommended Internet Sites for Further Learning
References
6. Phonation II: Measurement and Instrumentation
Clinical Case 3: Camp Voice
6.1 Measurement of ƒo and Intensity
ƒo Measures
Intensity Measures
Voice Range Profile (VRP)
6.2 Measurement of Phonatory Aerodynamics
Airflow and Lung Pressure
Vocal Efficiency
S/Z Ratio
Maximum Phonation Time
Phonation Quotient
6.3 Instrumentation for Exploring the Dynamics of the Vocal Folds
Stroboscopy
High-Speed Laryngeal Imaging.
Videokymography (VKG)
Photoglottography (PGG)
Electroglottography (EGG)
Open Quotient (OQ), Speed Quotient (SQ), and Contact Quotient (CQ)
6.4 Vocal Registers
Modal Register
Vocal Fry
Falsetto
Clinical Case 4: Persistent Mutational Falsetto
Recommended Internet Sites for Further Learning
References
7. The Production and Perception of Vowels
Clinical Case 5: Accent Management
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Acoustic Theory of Speech Production
Acoustic Characteristics of the Source
The Vocal Tract Transfer Function
Acoustic Characteristics of Lip Radiation
Resonance and Standing Waves
7.3 Vowels
Vocal Tract Constrictions and Formant Frequencies
First Formant Frequency (F1)
Second Formant Frequency (F2)
Third Formant Frequency (F3)
The Traditional Vowel Quadrilateral
Vowel Quality and Articulatory Posture
Acoustic Representation of Vowel Quality
Resonating Cavities of the Vocal Tract
Vowel Formant Normative Data
Tense-Lax Vowel Quality and Inherent Duration
Rhotacized Vowel Quality
Diphthongs
Intrinsic Pitch of Vowels
7.4 Language and Dialect Influences on Vowel Production
Accentedness - Everyone Has an Accent!
7.5 The Vocal Tract as a Regulator of Intensity
Harmonic Structure, Energy Loss, and Near-Periodicity
Revisiting the Voice Range Profile
Singer's Formant and Formant Tuning
Speaker's Formant
7.6 Acoustic Filters
7.7 Instrumentation for Measuring Vocal Tract Acoustics
Sound Spectrography
Narrowband and Wideband Spectrograms
Exploring Spectrograms
Visualizing Language and Dialectical Vowel Differences
Nearly Periodic Voice Source
Voiceprints: Voice Science or Science Fiction?
Quantitative Spectral Measures
Long-Term Average Spectrum
Harmonics-to-Noise Ratio
Cepstral Measures
Inverse Filtering.
7.8 Vocal Tract Imaging: Current Research and Future Trends
Conventional Radiography (X-rays)
Computed Tomography (CT)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Ultrasound
Clinical Case 6: Ataxic Dysarthria
Recommended Internet Sites for Further Learning
References
8. The Production and Perception of Consonants
Clinical Case 7: Facial Nerve Trauma
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Three Sources of Speech Sounds
Coarticulation
8.3 Phonetic Description of Consonants
Place of Articulation
Manner of Articulation
8.4 Acoustic Representation of Consonants
Stops
Stop Gap
Release Burst
Aspiration
Voice Onset Time
Formant Transitions
Released and Unreleased Stops
Glottal Stop
Fricatives
Approximants
Glides (Semivowels)
Liquids
Nasals
Vowel Nasalization
Affricates
8.5 Clinical Application: Speech Sound Disorders
Etiologies
Symptoms and Characteristics
Diagnostic Strategies
Therapeutic Strategies
8.6 Language and Dialect Influences on Consonant Production
Accentedness
8.7 Instrumentation and Measurement of Vocal Tract Aerodynamics
Intraoral Air Pressure
Nasal Airflow and Acoustics
Nasal Airflow
Nasalance
8.8 Instrumentation for Measuring Articulation
X-ray Microbeam
Electromagnetic Midsagittal Articulography (EMMA)
Optoelectronic Tracking
Strain Gauges
Electropalatography
Clinical Case 8: Articulation Errors
Recommended Internet Sites for Further Learning
References
9. Prosody
Clinical Case 9: Parkinson's Disease
9.1 Introduction to Prosody
9.2 Basic Building Blocks of Prosody
Intonation (ƒo Contour)
Timing (Duration and Juncture)
Loudness (Intensity Contour)
9.3 Syllabic Stress and Prominence
9.4 Speech Rhythm
Temporal Measurement of Rhythm
9.5 Accentedness and Prosody.
9.6 In Summary of Prosody.