@article{1461171,
      recid = {1461171},
      author = {Pagger, Ernst Peter, and Pattanadech, Norasage, and Uhlig,  Frank, and Muhr, Michael,},
      title = {Biological insulating liquids : new insulating liquids for  high voltage engineering /},
      publisher = {Springer,},
      address = {Cham, Switzerland :},
      pages = {1 online resource},
      year = {2023},
      abstract = {This book describes the state-of-the-art use of biological  insulating liquids in detail. In recent years, more and  more transformers filled with esters have been put into  operation. This is because people recognize the benefits of  ester liquids in terms of their fire safety (high flash and  fire points) and environmental characteristics, judging  from their biodegradability, their low CO2 footprint (only  valid for natural ester) and their beneficial interactions  with solid insulation, etc. One of the main reasons is that  the water adsorption and absorption characteristics of  these liquids are excellent and very different compared to  mineral oil. The todays discussion about climate change and  global warming is an additional driver for using natural  ester. Another advantage is that transformers filled with  biological insulating liquids can operate with an overload  of up to 150%. This is advantageous in the case of volatile  energy generation from wind and solar power and in the  supply of electrical energy for electromobility. Liquid  inside electrical equipment is the lifeblood that serves  both as a dielectric and a cooling medium. Some properties  of these liquids differ from mineral oil, which had to be  considered in the transformer design. The dielectric liquid  is always in direct contact with transformer materials;  therefore, the interaction should be very well understood,  especially when retrofilling an existing mineral oil filled  device. There are several natural ester fluids derived from  various seeds and fruits on the market, and their  properties may differ more or less. In the book, the most  important properties of the different biological insulating  fluids and mineral oil are compared. Ester fluids have  already found their way into various standards. The  condition of the device can be verified very well from the  contents of the insulating liquids. For analysis and  testing, the same equipment and devices that are commonly  used for mineral oil are used for ester liquid. The  chemical and physical behaviors of ester fluids compared to  mineral oil are different. This must always be considered  when interpreting test results stemming from ester fluids.  The book is a guideline for students, original equipment  manufacturers, users, laboratories and authorities in the  use of biological insulating liquids.},
      url = {http://library.usi.edu/record/1461171},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22460-7},
}