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Intro
Preface
Series Editor Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Contributors
1: The Basics of Thyroid and Neck Ultrasound
Introduction
Basic Ultrasound Physics
Ultrasound Artifacts
Equipment
Transducer Selection
Patient Positioning and Scanning Techniques (Image 1.6)
Potential Scanning Pitfalls
Thyroid Anatomy (Image 1.7)
Normal Thyroid Texture (Image 1.8)
Textural Changes (Images 1.9, 1.10, and 1.11)
Anatomic Variants (Images 1.12 and 1.13)
Thyroglossal Duct Cyst
Thyroid Nodules
Simple Cysts (Image 1.14)

Spongiform Nodules (Uniformly Microcystic throughout) (Image 1.15)
Solid Nodules (Images 1.16, 1.17, 1.18, 1.19, and 1.20)
Lymph Node Assessment
Ultrasound Appearance of Lymph Nodes
Other Neck Masses
Parathyroid Glands
Salivary Glands (Image 1.26)
Branchial Cleft Cyst
Carotid Body Tumor
Further Reading
2: Ultrasound Scoring Systems, Clinical Risk Calculators, and Emerging Tools
Introduction
Risk Calculators Versus Clinical Practice Guidelines
Ultrasound Scoring Systems
AACE/ACE/AME
American Thyroid Association (ATA)
ACR TI-RADS and AI TI-RADS

EU-TIRADS
K-TIRADS
C-TIRADS
Comparison of Risk Stratification Tools
Risk Calculators
ACR TI-RADS and AI TI-RADS
Malignancy Risk Estimation of Lesions with AUS/ FLUS
The Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH) Thyroid Nodule Risk Estimator
Thyroid Nodule Malignancy Risk Calculator: Spain
Risk of Malignant Thyroid Nodules Based on Clinical, Biochemical, Ultrasound Characteristics, with or without Cytologic Features: Cleveland Clinic
The Thyroid Nodule App: TNAPP
Case Conclusion:
Further Reading

3: Thyroid Fine Needle Aspiration and Biopsy Techniques for Lesions in the Neck
Introduction
Equipment: Needles and Core Biopsy Devices
Solutions and Media
Thyroid Nodule Biopsy
Lymph Node
Biopsy Techniques
Preparation
Anesthesia
US Guidance Techniques (Fig. 3.9)
Thyroid Nodules
FNA Specimens
Molecular Markers
Thyroid Cyst Aspiration and Sclerosis
Procedure
Lymph Node Aspiration
FNA vs Core Biopsy
Parathyroid Adenomas
Salivary Gland and Other Miscellaneous Neck Masses
Further Reading

4: Overview of the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology
Introduction
Discussion
Nondiagnostic
Benign
Atypia of Undetermined Significance (AUS)/Follicular Lesion of Undetermined Significance (FLUS)
Follicular Neoplasm (FN)/Suspicious for a Follicular Neoplasm (SFN) (Specify if Oncocytic/Hürthle Cell Type)
Suspicious for Malignancy (SFM)
Malignant
Further Reading
5: Fine Needle Aspiration: Role of Molecular Testing
Introduction
Investigation of the Indeterminate Thyroid Nodule
Immunohistochemical Staining

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