Intro
Preface
Contents
Contributors
Part I General Implications of RAS in Infectious and Other Diseases
1 Implications of Renin-Angiotensin System in Health and Disease
Introduction
Functional Components of RAS as Targets for Pharmacologic Manipulation
Involvement of RAS in Liver Disease
Involvement of RAS in Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection
Participation and Significance of RAS in Heart Failure
Concluding Remarks
References
2 The Interplay of the Renin-Angiotensin System and Solid Organ Transplantation
Introduction

Complications of Solid Organ Transplantation
Recent Efforts to Mitigate IRI
Historical Perspective of the RAS
Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) Molecular Mechanisms
RAS in Liver Disease
OLT Modulates RAS
RAS and Alterations in Immune Pathways and Gut Microbiome
RAS/Microbiome in Health and Disease
Future Considerations
Conclusion
References
3 Correlation Between Renin Angiotensin System and Infectious Disease
Renin Angiotensin System (RAS)
Classical Pathway RAS
Non-classical Pathway RAS
Renin
ACE
ACE2
Angiotensin II
Ang (1-9), Ang (1-7)

RAS-Acting Pharmacological Agents
RAS and Infectious Lung Disease
RAS Dysfunction and Development of Acute Lung Injury (ALI)
Role of RAS in ALI Caused by Avian Influenza Virus Infections H5N1 e N7N9
Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD)
Role of RAS in ALI Caused by SARS-CoV Coronavirus Infections
Role of RAS in ALI Caused by Coronavirus Infections SARS-CoV-2
Could A Pharmacological Approach That Modulates the RAS be of Clinical Benefit to Combat Lung Damage from Respiratory Infections?
Conclusions
References

4 Emerging Contributions of Endocrine Pathophysiology in Virus-Related Infectious Disease: Focus on the RAAS in COVID-19 and HIV
Introduction
Understanding the RAAS in Health and Dysregulated States
Traditional Use of RAAS Blockers
Where SARS-CoV-2 and HIV Meet
SARS-CoV-2 and the RAAS
RAAS Dysregulation and Organ Dysfunction in COVID-19
Therapeutic Targets and Trials in COVID-19
Future Directions in COVID-19
HIV and the RAAS
RAAS Dysregulation and Organ Dysfunction in HIV
Therapeutic Targets and Trials in HIV
Future Directions in HIV
Conclusion
References

5 Understanding the Renin-Angiotensin System in Coronavirus Disease 2019
Introduction
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme
RASS Pathway
Hypertension
SARS-COV-2 and ACE2 in Lungs
SARS-COV-2 and ACE2 in Heart
Other Organs and Tissue Injuries
Pancreas
Skeletal Muscles
Central Nervous System
Blood Vessels
Potential Targets and Drugs
Inaccuracies and a Strong Urge to Act
Conclusion
References
6 Metabolomics Approach in Differentiating RAS Responses in ARDS and SAR-CoV-2
Introduction
SARS-CoV-2 Interaction with the RAS