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Table of Contents
Intro
Series Preface
Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Contributors
Part I: General Overviews: Circulating and Body Fluid Biomarkers in Organ Injury and Trauma
1 A Synopsis of Routine Blood Biomarkers in Trauma, Injury Critical Care and Recovery: General Overview
Introduction
Characteristics of Biomarkers in Trauma, Injury Critical Care, and Recovery
Various Definitions of Biomarkers
Significance of Medical Biomarkers in Trauma, Injury Critical Care, and Recovery
Biomarkers in Critical Care
Established Blood Biomarkers in Orthopedic Trauma
Biomarkers for Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Unresolved Issues
Established Blood Biomarkers in Acute Cardiac Disease
Established Blood Biomarkers in Acute Lung Injury
Established Blood Biomarkers in Acute Kidney Injury
Established Blood Biomarkers in Acute Medical Condition of Gastrointestinal Track and/or Liver
Conclusion
Mini-Dictionary of Terms
Key Facts of Biomarkers in Trauma, Injury Critical Care, and Recovery
Summary Points
References
2 A Synopsis of Emerging Blood Biomarkers in Trauma, Injury Critical Care, and Recovery: General Overview
Introduction
Different Types of Emerging Biomarkers in Trauma, Injury Critical Care, and Recovery
Classification of Emerging Biomarkers According to Their Main Clinical Application in Trauma, Injury Critical Care, and Recove...
Role of Biomedicine and Emerging Biomarkers in Modern Medicineś Trauma, Injury Critical Care, and Recovery
Modern Medical Diagnostics in Trauma, Injury Critical Care, and Recovery
An Overview on Emerging Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Events in Trauma, Injury Critical Care, and Recovery
Emerging Biomarkers in COVID-19 Critical Care and Recovery
Emerging Biomarkers of Infection in the Critical Care
Clinical Outcomes and Emerging Biomarkers: Overlaps and Differences
Conclusion
Limitations of Biomarkers
Mini-Dictionary of Terms
Key Facts on Emerging Blood Biomarkers in Trauma, Injury Critical Care, and Recovery
Summary Points
References
3 Biomarkers in Neurological Injury: Fibrinogen, Fibrinogen/Fibrin Degradation Products (FDPs), and D-dimer
Introduction
Fibrinogen
The Fibrinogen and Coagulation Cascade (Fig. 1)
Fibrinogen and Inflammation
Fibrinogen and the CNS
FDP and D-dimer
FDP, D-dimer and Fibrinolysis Cascades (Fig. 2)
FDP, D-dimer, and the CNS
Fibrinolytic Biomarker and Treatment
Applications to Prognosis, Other Diseases, and Conditions
Key Facts About Fibrinogen
Key Facts About D-dimer
Mini-Dictionary of Terms
Summary Points
Cross-References
References
4 Nerve Injury and Biomarkers
Introduction
Psychological and Cognitive and Behavioral Testing
Peripheral Neurography of Nerve Fiber Integrity
Central Markers of Nerve Fiber Integrity
Use of Molecular Genetics to Understand Nerve Injury
Artificial Intelligence
Series Preface
Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Contributors
Part I: General Overviews: Circulating and Body Fluid Biomarkers in Organ Injury and Trauma
1 A Synopsis of Routine Blood Biomarkers in Trauma, Injury Critical Care and Recovery: General Overview
Introduction
Characteristics of Biomarkers in Trauma, Injury Critical Care, and Recovery
Various Definitions of Biomarkers
Significance of Medical Biomarkers in Trauma, Injury Critical Care, and Recovery
Biomarkers in Critical Care
Established Blood Biomarkers in Orthopedic Trauma
Biomarkers for Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Unresolved Issues
Established Blood Biomarkers in Acute Cardiac Disease
Established Blood Biomarkers in Acute Lung Injury
Established Blood Biomarkers in Acute Kidney Injury
Established Blood Biomarkers in Acute Medical Condition of Gastrointestinal Track and/or Liver
Conclusion
Mini-Dictionary of Terms
Key Facts of Biomarkers in Trauma, Injury Critical Care, and Recovery
Summary Points
References
2 A Synopsis of Emerging Blood Biomarkers in Trauma, Injury Critical Care, and Recovery: General Overview
Introduction
Different Types of Emerging Biomarkers in Trauma, Injury Critical Care, and Recovery
Classification of Emerging Biomarkers According to Their Main Clinical Application in Trauma, Injury Critical Care, and Recove...
Role of Biomedicine and Emerging Biomarkers in Modern Medicineś Trauma, Injury Critical Care, and Recovery
Modern Medical Diagnostics in Trauma, Injury Critical Care, and Recovery
An Overview on Emerging Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Events in Trauma, Injury Critical Care, and Recovery
Emerging Biomarkers in COVID-19 Critical Care and Recovery
Emerging Biomarkers of Infection in the Critical Care
Clinical Outcomes and Emerging Biomarkers: Overlaps and Differences
Conclusion
Limitations of Biomarkers
Mini-Dictionary of Terms
Key Facts on Emerging Blood Biomarkers in Trauma, Injury Critical Care, and Recovery
Summary Points
References
3 Biomarkers in Neurological Injury: Fibrinogen, Fibrinogen/Fibrin Degradation Products (FDPs), and D-dimer
Introduction
Fibrinogen
The Fibrinogen and Coagulation Cascade (Fig. 1)
Fibrinogen and Inflammation
Fibrinogen and the CNS
FDP and D-dimer
FDP, D-dimer and Fibrinolysis Cascades (Fig. 2)
FDP, D-dimer, and the CNS
Fibrinolytic Biomarker and Treatment
Applications to Prognosis, Other Diseases, and Conditions
Key Facts About Fibrinogen
Key Facts About D-dimer
Mini-Dictionary of Terms
Summary Points
Cross-References
References
4 Nerve Injury and Biomarkers
Introduction
Psychological and Cognitive and Behavioral Testing
Peripheral Neurography of Nerve Fiber Integrity
Central Markers of Nerve Fiber Integrity
Use of Molecular Genetics to Understand Nerve Injury
Artificial Intelligence