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Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Acknowledgments
Preface
Introduction
1 Categorising rainforest plants
The dawning of vascular plants, and those that are dead
Living vascular plants
Pollination of cycads and the dichotomy of contention
Heat production and odour emission in cycads
Australian conifers and their problem of pollination
Pollen feeders of Araucariaceae
2 Rise of the angiosperms, and archaic vascular plants in Australia's rainforests
Archaic Australian rainforest angiosperms
Development of the ancestral angiosperm flower
Chemical warfare and the evolution of flowers
3 Being a flower
Influence of flower colour, fragrance and structure
Ultraviolet light and perception of flower colours
Floral rewards and the composition of nectar
Heat production in angiosperms
Flowering plants as breeding sites for pollinators
Attraction of the comely shape: orchid flowers and barren illusion
Flowering plants that mimic death
Deciduousness and its benefits to pollination
4 Introduction to breeding systems
Influence of breeding systems
Apomixis and coppicing: life without sex
Dioecy: separation as an example of obligate out-crossing
Protogyny and protandry: segregation of sexual function
Colour plates
5 Spatial and temporal structure of rainforest: general mechanisms that influence pollination and reproductive ecology
Phenology: recurrence of the flowering phenomenon
Length of flowering life
Forest strata and synusiae
6 Australian vegetation history and its influence on plant-pollinator relationships
Plant-pollinator interactions
Factors affecting movement and recruitment of pollinators
Pollination of sparsely flowering species
Pollination of mass-flowering species
Sharing of pollinators: the 'guild' concept.
7 Pollination and the Australian flora
Pollination in Australian Myrtaceae
8 Pollination syndromes: who brings the 'flower children' in rainforest?
Wind pollination in flowering plants and the ballistic release of pollen
Pollen sculpture in subtropical rainforest plants: is wind pollination more common than suspected?
General entomophily: pollination by the small and the many
Pollination by beetles (cantharophily)
Pollination by Diptera (myophily and sapromyophily)
Pollination by Hymenoptera
Pollination by wasps (sphecophily)
Pollination by ants (myrmecophily)
Pollination by bees (melittophily)
Pollination by Lepidoptera (butterflies - psychophily, moths - phalaenophily)
Pollination by miscellaneous insects and other invertebrate groups, especially thrips
Pollination by birds (ornithophily)
Pollination by fruit-bats, flying-foxes and blossom-bats (chiropterophily)
Pollination by non-flying mammals
Pollination by reptiles (saurophily)
9 Pollination ecology of Australian subtropical rainforests: implications for the conservation of remnant communities
Background
Impacts of fragmentation and conservation of remnants
Further contributions to the dark side: fragmentation and risks to plant breeding systems
Appendix 1. Case studies of pollination in the Australian rainforest flora
Case 1. The forest floor: mixed hover-fly (Syrphidae) and bee pollination in Pollia crispata (adapted from Williams and Walker 2003)
Case 2. The forest subcanopy: bee pollination and buzz-collection of pollen in the threatened Australian shrub Senna acclinis (adapted from G. Williams 1998)
Case 3. The forest subcanopy: vertebrate-invertebrate pollinator plasticity in the Australian tropical rainforest tree Syzygium cormiflorum.
Case 4. The forest canopy: pollination of the rainforest pioneer tree Alphitonia excelsa (adapted from Williams and Adam 2001)
Case 5. A rainforest tree nearly too far away: Grevillea robusta
Case 6. Littoral rainforest: breeding systems and flowering periods in an endangered maritime-associated ecosystem
Appendix 2. Large insects and their place in the scheme of things
Pollen loads carried by large insects in Australian rainforests
Examples of large pollen-carrying insect taxa
Summary
Appendix 3. Generalised pollen groups based on exine sculpture
Appendix 4. Captions to photographs
Appendix 5. Divisions of geologic time
Glossary
Bibliography
Index.
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Acknowledgments
Preface
Introduction
1 Categorising rainforest plants
The dawning of vascular plants, and those that are dead
Living vascular plants
Pollination of cycads and the dichotomy of contention
Heat production and odour emission in cycads
Australian conifers and their problem of pollination
Pollen feeders of Araucariaceae
2 Rise of the angiosperms, and archaic vascular plants in Australia's rainforests
Archaic Australian rainforest angiosperms
Development of the ancestral angiosperm flower
Chemical warfare and the evolution of flowers
3 Being a flower
Influence of flower colour, fragrance and structure
Ultraviolet light and perception of flower colours
Floral rewards and the composition of nectar
Heat production in angiosperms
Flowering plants as breeding sites for pollinators
Attraction of the comely shape: orchid flowers and barren illusion
Flowering plants that mimic death
Deciduousness and its benefits to pollination
4 Introduction to breeding systems
Influence of breeding systems
Apomixis and coppicing: life without sex
Dioecy: separation as an example of obligate out-crossing
Protogyny and protandry: segregation of sexual function
Colour plates
5 Spatial and temporal structure of rainforest: general mechanisms that influence pollination and reproductive ecology
Phenology: recurrence of the flowering phenomenon
Length of flowering life
Forest strata and synusiae
6 Australian vegetation history and its influence on plant-pollinator relationships
Plant-pollinator interactions
Factors affecting movement and recruitment of pollinators
Pollination of sparsely flowering species
Pollination of mass-flowering species
Sharing of pollinators: the 'guild' concept.
7 Pollination and the Australian flora
Pollination in Australian Myrtaceae
8 Pollination syndromes: who brings the 'flower children' in rainforest?
Wind pollination in flowering plants and the ballistic release of pollen
Pollen sculpture in subtropical rainforest plants: is wind pollination more common than suspected?
General entomophily: pollination by the small and the many
Pollination by beetles (cantharophily)
Pollination by Diptera (myophily and sapromyophily)
Pollination by Hymenoptera
Pollination by wasps (sphecophily)
Pollination by ants (myrmecophily)
Pollination by bees (melittophily)
Pollination by Lepidoptera (butterflies - psychophily, moths - phalaenophily)
Pollination by miscellaneous insects and other invertebrate groups, especially thrips
Pollination by birds (ornithophily)
Pollination by fruit-bats, flying-foxes and blossom-bats (chiropterophily)
Pollination by non-flying mammals
Pollination by reptiles (saurophily)
9 Pollination ecology of Australian subtropical rainforests: implications for the conservation of remnant communities
Background
Impacts of fragmentation and conservation of remnants
Further contributions to the dark side: fragmentation and risks to plant breeding systems
Appendix 1. Case studies of pollination in the Australian rainforest flora
Case 1. The forest floor: mixed hover-fly (Syrphidae) and bee pollination in Pollia crispata (adapted from Williams and Walker 2003)
Case 2. The forest subcanopy: bee pollination and buzz-collection of pollen in the threatened Australian shrub Senna acclinis (adapted from G. Williams 1998)
Case 3. The forest subcanopy: vertebrate-invertebrate pollinator plasticity in the Australian tropical rainforest tree Syzygium cormiflorum.
Case 4. The forest canopy: pollination of the rainforest pioneer tree Alphitonia excelsa (adapted from Williams and Adam 2001)
Case 5. A rainforest tree nearly too far away: Grevillea robusta
Case 6. Littoral rainforest: breeding systems and flowering periods in an endangered maritime-associated ecosystem
Appendix 2. Large insects and their place in the scheme of things
Pollen loads carried by large insects in Australian rainforests
Examples of large pollen-carrying insect taxa
Summary
Appendix 3. Generalised pollen groups based on exine sculpture
Appendix 4. Captions to photographs
Appendix 5. Divisions of geologic time
Glossary
Bibliography
Index.