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Table of Contents
Intro
Negation, Expectation and Ideology in Written Texts
Editorial page
Title page
Copyright page
Dedication page
Table of contents
List of figures and tables
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1. Something and nothing
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Initial definition
1.3 Negation in discourse
1.3.1 In literary texts
1.3.2 In non-literary texts and implications for ideology
1.4 An Integrated approach to negation in discourse
1.5 The place of negation in stylistics
1.6 Format of this book
Chapter 2. Negation, duality and expectation
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Experimental evidence
2.2.1 Processing times and plausible context
2.2.2 Retaining negated concepts
2.3 Grammatical evidence
2.3.1 Anaphoric reference
2.3.2 Ellipsis
2.4 Discourse evidence
2.4.1 Giora's (2006) resonance, comparison and accessibility of negated concepts
2.4.2. Processing negated metaphors
2.5 Stasis and change/ground and figure
2.6 Negation and mental spaces
2.7 Negation and intersubjectivity
2.7.1 Verhagen's intersubjectivity
2.7.2 Morphological negation and multiple mental representations
2.8 Conclusions
Chapter 3. Linguistic realisations of negation-motivated variation
3.1 Introduction
3.2. Issues around constructing a typology: Describing and defining negation
3.2.1 Definitions and descriptions
3.2.2 Defining negation
3.3 Textual vehicles
3.3.1 The analytic versus synthetic distinction
3.3.2 Syntactic forms
3.3.2.1 Analytic Syntactic
3.3.2.2 Synthetic syntactic
3.3.3 Morphological forms
3.3.3.1 Morphological negation in relation to prototypical forms
3.3.3.2 Variability between affixes
3.3.4 Semantic forms
3.3.4.1 Identifying semantic negation
3.3.4.2 Peripheral semantic forms
3.3.5 Pragmatic forms
3.3.5.1 Grammaticalised forms.
3.3.5.2 Modality and past tense conditional constructions
3.4 Motivations for variation
3.4.1 Scope
3.4.1.1 Sentence scope
3.4.1.2 Semantic scope
3.4.1.3 Utterance/context scope
3.4.2 Synthesis and Co-text, text-type and lexical gaps
3.4.3 Variable force
3.4.3.1 Weak negative force
3.4.3.2 Strong negative force
3.4.3.3 Negative force as variable focus on possible presence or actual absence
3.5 Motivated variation
Chapter 4. Understanding negation in context - presuppositions and implicatures
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Interpreting negation: Presupposition
4.2.1 Conversational implicature
4.2.2 Conventional implicature
4.2.3 Pragmatic presupposition
4.2.4 Conceptual practice as a presupposition trigger
4.2.5 Negation, presupposition and ambiguity
4.3 What is presupposed and by whom?
4.3.1 Who expects
4.3.1.1 Readers/hearers, ideal readers/hearers and expectations
4.3.1.2 Speakers/writers and expectations
4.3.1.3 Expectations or possibilities?
4.3.2 What is expected?
4.3.3 Sources of expectation
4.3.3.1 Explicit expectations
4.3.3.2 Implicit expectations
4.3.3.3 Projected expectations
4.4 Interpreting negation: implicatures
4.4.1 Levels of meaning
4.4.2 Negation and implicatures
4.4.3 Moeschler's Relevance Theory approach
4.4.4 Using Grice's Cooperative principle and maxims to explain the role of negation in implicatures
4.4.4.1 Interpreting negation and variable form
4.2.4.2 Negation, implicatures and imperative structures
4.5 The three inter-related features of negation: presupposition, variable form and potential conversational implicatures
Chapter 5. Negation, expectation and ideology
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Negation, background knowledge and ideology
5.2.1 Ideology
5.2.2 Background knowledge.
5.2.3 Projecting expectations and behaviours
5.2.4 Reflecting expectations
5.2.5 Varying form and ideological effects
5.3 Conclusion
Chapter 6. Negation and ideology in advertising
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Advertising data analyses
6.2.1 Life is a problem
6.2.2 Eating is a problem
6.2.3 Bodies are a problem
6.2.4 Institutions are a problem
6.2.5 Women are the problem!
6.2.6 Is that even a problem?
6.2.7 You're the problem!
6.3. Conclusion
Chapter 7. Negation, the Press and Politics
7.1. Introduction
7.1.1 Background to the election
7.1.2 Data
7.2. Analyses: Types and frequencies of negation
7.2.1 The candidates
7.3 Analyses: ideological effects of negation
7.3.1 The three main candidates
7.3.1.1 Boris Johnson
7.3.1.2 Ken Livingstone
7.3.1.3 Brian Paddick
7.4 Conclusion
Chapter 8. The Power of Nothing
References
Index.
Negation, Expectation and Ideology in Written Texts
Editorial page
Title page
Copyright page
Dedication page
Table of contents
List of figures and tables
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1. Something and nothing
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Initial definition
1.3 Negation in discourse
1.3.1 In literary texts
1.3.2 In non-literary texts and implications for ideology
1.4 An Integrated approach to negation in discourse
1.5 The place of negation in stylistics
1.6 Format of this book
Chapter 2. Negation, duality and expectation
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Experimental evidence
2.2.1 Processing times and plausible context
2.2.2 Retaining negated concepts
2.3 Grammatical evidence
2.3.1 Anaphoric reference
2.3.2 Ellipsis
2.4 Discourse evidence
2.4.1 Giora's (2006) resonance, comparison and accessibility of negated concepts
2.4.2. Processing negated metaphors
2.5 Stasis and change/ground and figure
2.6 Negation and mental spaces
2.7 Negation and intersubjectivity
2.7.1 Verhagen's intersubjectivity
2.7.2 Morphological negation and multiple mental representations
2.8 Conclusions
Chapter 3. Linguistic realisations of negation-motivated variation
3.1 Introduction
3.2. Issues around constructing a typology: Describing and defining negation
3.2.1 Definitions and descriptions
3.2.2 Defining negation
3.3 Textual vehicles
3.3.1 The analytic versus synthetic distinction
3.3.2 Syntactic forms
3.3.2.1 Analytic Syntactic
3.3.2.2 Synthetic syntactic
3.3.3 Morphological forms
3.3.3.1 Morphological negation in relation to prototypical forms
3.3.3.2 Variability between affixes
3.3.4 Semantic forms
3.3.4.1 Identifying semantic negation
3.3.4.2 Peripheral semantic forms
3.3.5 Pragmatic forms
3.3.5.1 Grammaticalised forms.
3.3.5.2 Modality and past tense conditional constructions
3.4 Motivations for variation
3.4.1 Scope
3.4.1.1 Sentence scope
3.4.1.2 Semantic scope
3.4.1.3 Utterance/context scope
3.4.2 Synthesis and Co-text, text-type and lexical gaps
3.4.3 Variable force
3.4.3.1 Weak negative force
3.4.3.2 Strong negative force
3.4.3.3 Negative force as variable focus on possible presence or actual absence
3.5 Motivated variation
Chapter 4. Understanding negation in context - presuppositions and implicatures
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Interpreting negation: Presupposition
4.2.1 Conversational implicature
4.2.2 Conventional implicature
4.2.3 Pragmatic presupposition
4.2.4 Conceptual practice as a presupposition trigger
4.2.5 Negation, presupposition and ambiguity
4.3 What is presupposed and by whom?
4.3.1 Who expects
4.3.1.1 Readers/hearers, ideal readers/hearers and expectations
4.3.1.2 Speakers/writers and expectations
4.3.1.3 Expectations or possibilities?
4.3.2 What is expected?
4.3.3 Sources of expectation
4.3.3.1 Explicit expectations
4.3.3.2 Implicit expectations
4.3.3.3 Projected expectations
4.4 Interpreting negation: implicatures
4.4.1 Levels of meaning
4.4.2 Negation and implicatures
4.4.3 Moeschler's Relevance Theory approach
4.4.4 Using Grice's Cooperative principle and maxims to explain the role of negation in implicatures
4.4.4.1 Interpreting negation and variable form
4.2.4.2 Negation, implicatures and imperative structures
4.5 The three inter-related features of negation: presupposition, variable form and potential conversational implicatures
Chapter 5. Negation, expectation and ideology
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Negation, background knowledge and ideology
5.2.1 Ideology
5.2.2 Background knowledge.
5.2.3 Projecting expectations and behaviours
5.2.4 Reflecting expectations
5.2.5 Varying form and ideological effects
5.3 Conclusion
Chapter 6. Negation and ideology in advertising
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Advertising data analyses
6.2.1 Life is a problem
6.2.2 Eating is a problem
6.2.3 Bodies are a problem
6.2.4 Institutions are a problem
6.2.5 Women are the problem!
6.2.6 Is that even a problem?
6.2.7 You're the problem!
6.3. Conclusion
Chapter 7. Negation, the Press and Politics
7.1. Introduction
7.1.1 Background to the election
7.1.2 Data
7.2. Analyses: Types and frequencies of negation
7.2.1 The candidates
7.3 Analyses: ideological effects of negation
7.3.1 The three main candidates
7.3.1.1 Boris Johnson
7.3.1.2 Ken Livingstone
7.3.1.3 Brian Paddick
7.4 Conclusion
Chapter 8. The Power of Nothing
References
Index.