Emerging Trends in Veterinary Virology.

Cover
Title
Copyright
End User License Agreement
Contents
Preface
List of Contributors
Natural and Anthropogenic Drivers of Viral Emergence
Johanna F. Lindahl1,2,3,* and Bernard Bett4
INTRODUCTION
Changes Within a Virus
Cross-species Transmission
INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE ON ARTHROPODS AND ARTHROPOD-BORNE DISEASES
Changes in Vector Ecology
The Effect of Climate and Indirect Consequences
The Effect of Land-use Changes
Globalization and Population Movement
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus: Molecular Biology, Pathobiology, and Control Strategies
Muhammad A. Shahid1,*, Ahmad J. Sabir2, Muhammad I. Arshad3, Sadeeq ur Rahman4, Muhammad F. Tahir5, Muhammad N. Zahid6 and Muhammad A. Zahoor7
INTRODUCTION
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF GALLID ALPHAHERPESVIRUS-1
Virion Structure, Replication, and Morphogenesis
Viral Genome
ILTV Glycoproteins and their Functions
Glycoprotein B (gB)
Glycoprotein C (gC)
Glycoprotein D (gD)
Glycoprotein E and Glycoprotein I (gE and gI)
Glycoprotein G (gG)
Glycoprotein J (gJ)
HOST IMMUNITY AND VIRAL IMMUNE EVASION
NATURAL RECOMBINATION ABILITY OF ILTV
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOBIOLOGY
DIAGNOSIS OF ILTV INFECTIONS
Histopathology
Isolation and Identification of the Virus
Molecular Identification of the Virus
Serology
VACCINATION STRATEGIES
Live Attenuated Vaccines
Recombinant Viral Vector Vaccines
ILTV Deletion Mutants as Vaccine Candidates
TLR and Cytokine Adjuvanted Vaccines
CONTROL STRATEGIES OF ILTV IN POULTRY
CURRENT TRENDS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS IN ILTV VACCINE DEVELOPMENT AND CONTROL
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES.

Avian Leukosis Viruses
Laiba Uroog1,*
INTRODUCTION
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ALVS
CLINICAL SYMPTOMS
PATHOGENICITY BY ALVS
TREATMENT AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES
FUTURE PROSPECTS OF RESEARCH
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Feline Rabies
Paulo Eduardo Brandão1,*
A GENERAL OVERVIEW OF RABIES
LYSSAVIRUS TAXONOMY
RABV MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND REPLICATION
PATHOGENESIS AND SYMPTOMS IN CATS
DIAGNOSIS
PREVENTION OF RABIES IN CATS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Canine Distemper: Current and Emerging Perspectives
Abdullah Iqbal1,*, Farhan Mushtaq2 and Shumaila Manzoor3
INTRODUCTION
VIRUS AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CDV AS A CROSS-SPECIES PATHOGEN
PATHOGENESIS
NEUROPATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL SIGNS AND DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
CONTROL
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Emerging Trends in Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Control of Bovine Leukemia Virus
Zanib Khan1,*, Muhammad Abubakar2, Nazish Bostan1 and Muhammad Javed Arshed2
INTRODUCTION
GLOBAL OCCURRENCE OF BLV
GENOTYPIC DISTRIBUTION OF THE BLV
RISK RELATED TO THE HEALTH OF HUMAN BEINGS
ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF BLV
DIAGNOSIS AND MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUES
Agar Gel Immunodiffusion Assay
Immuno-Blotting Techniques
Molecular Identification and Characterization
Treatment
PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES FOR THE CONTROL OF BLV
SUCCESSFUL ERADICATION OF BLV
STRATEGIES TOWARDS SUCCESSFUL VACCINATION
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
West Nile Virus
Abdullah Iqbal1,*, Shumaila Manzoor2 and Muhammad Abubakar2
INTRODUCTION
WEST NILE VIRUS STRUCTURE.

WNV PHYLOGENETIC LINEAGES
DIAGNOSIS OF WNV
PREVENTION AND CONTROL
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Hendra: An Emerging Viral Disease in Equine
Sami Ullah Khan Bahadur1,*, Razia Kausar1 and Usman Talib1
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
VIRUS CHARACTERISTICS
Reservoir Host
Transmission
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
POSTMORTEM/HISTOLOGICAL FINDINGS
Treatment and Control
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Advances in Rabies Research
Muhammad Tariq Navid1,*
INTRODUCTION
One Health Approach
Rabies Free Status
Rabies Virus
CLINICAL ONSET OF DISEASE
TRANSMISSION OF RABIES
Incubation Period
IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
MANAGEMENT OF RABID PATIENT
RABIES DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES
RABIES PROPHYLAXIS
RABIES VACCINES AND IMMUNOGLOBULIN
TECHNICAL FRAMEWORK FOR RABIES ELIMINATION
Vaccination
Surveillance and Epidemiology
Laboratory Diagnostic Capability
Quality of Immunoglobulin and Vaccines
Host Population Management
Animal Movement Control
Research
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
Waqar Saleem1,*
INTRODUCTION
SARS-COV
Epidemiology
Transmission
Virulence Factors
Pathogenesis and Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Potential Reservoirs of Viral Zoonotic Disease
Abdullah Iqbal1,* and Muhammad Abubakar2
INTRODUCTION
FACTORS AFFECTING EMERGENCE OF ZOONOTIC DISEASES
EMERGING ZOONOTIC VIRUSES FROM BATS
Coronaviridae
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Virus (SARS-CoV1)
The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Virus (MERS-CoV).

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
Paramyxoviridae
Hendra Virus
Nipah Virus (NIV)
Filoviridae
Ebola Virus
Marburg Virus
Rhabdoviridae
Lyssavirus
EMERGING ZOONOTIC VIRUSES FROM OTHER ANIMALS
Influenza Viruses
Zika Virus
West Nile Virus
Chikungunya Virus
Monkeypox Virus
Noroviruses
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Subject Index
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