Front Cover
Requirements Engineering for Safety-Critical Systems
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Abbreviations
1 Introduction
2 The Role of the Safety and Hazard Analysis
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Foundations of Safety Engineering
2.2.1 The Threats: Faults, Errors, and Failures
2.2.2 Safety Concepts
2.3 A Method for Safety and Hazard Analysis
2.3.1 Step 1: Hazards Identification
2.3.2 Fault-Tree Analysis (FTA)
2.3.3 HAZOP
2.3.4 STAMP/STPA
2.4 Step 2: Hazards Evaluation
2.4.1 Step 3: Risk Analysis
2.5 Safety-related Requirements Specification
2.5.1 The Means to Obtain Safety
2.5.2 Model-driven Approaches
2.5.3 Textual-driven Approaches
2.5.4 Model-driven Approaches Combined with Natural Language Specification
2.5.5 Ontological Approach to Elicit Safety Requirements
2.6 Conclusions
References
3 Integrating New and Traditional Approaches of Safety Analysis
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Background and Related Work
3.2.1 Background
3.2.2 Related Work
3.3 Traditional Approaches
3.3.1 FMEA: Failure Mode and Effect Analysis
3.3.2 FTA: Fault Tree Analysis
3.4 New Approaches
3.4.1 STAMP
3.4.2 STPA
3.5 Integration Between New and Traditional Approaches
3.6 Conclusion
References
4 Agile Requirements Engineering
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Agile Methods
4.2.1 Scrum
4.2.2 XP
4.3 Agile Requirements Engineering in SCS
4.3.1 Requirements Elicitation
4.3.2 Requirements Analysis and Negotiation
4.3.3 Requirements Specification
4.3.4 Requirements Validation
4.3.5 Requirements Management
4.4 Traditional x Agile Requirements Engineering
4.5 Case Studies
4.5.1 Pharmaceutical Company
4.5.2 Avionics Company
4.6 Conclusions
References.

5 A Comparative Study of Requirements-Based Testing Approaches
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Background and Related Work
5.3 Experiment Design
5.4 Results and Discussion
5.5 Conclusions
5.6 Future Work
References
6 Requirements Engineering in Aircraft Systems, Hardware, Software, and Database Development
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Aviation Standards
6.2.1 SAE ARP 4754A
6.2.2 RTCA DO-297
6.2.3 RTCA DO-178C
6.2.4 RTCA DO-254
6.2.5 RTCA DO-200B
6.3 Requirements Engineering in Aviation
6.3.1 Certification Requirements
6.3.2 Aircraft and System Requirements
6.4 Software Requirements
6.4.1 Model-Based Software Requirements
6.4.2 Software Requirements Using Object-Oriented Technology
6.4.3 Software Requirements Using Formal Methods
6.5 Hardware Requirements
6.5.1 Onboard Database Requirements
6.5.2 Parameter Data Items
6.5.3 Aeronautical Databases
6.6 Conclusion
References
7 Generating Safety Requirements for Medical Equipment
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Related Works
7.3 Framework for Integration of Risk Management Process
7.3.1 Risk Management Process According to ISO 14971
7.3.2 Framework Description.
7.3.2.1 Equipment Functions
7.3.2.2 Hazardous Situations Level 1
7.3.2.3 Equipment Architecture
7.3.2.4 Risk Evaluation and Control Level 1
7.3.2.5 Development of Components
7.3.2.6 Hazardous Situations Level 2 Evaluation and Risk Control
7.4 Conclusion
References
8 Meta-Requirements for Space Systems
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Requirements Engineering in Space Systems
8.2.1 Requirements in Space Systems
8.2.2 Meta-Requirements in Space Systems
8.2.3 Requirement Engineering Process in Space Systems
8.3 Meta-requirements Selected to Space Systems
8.3.1 Accuracy
8.3.2 Availability
8.3.3 Completeness
8.3.4 Consistency.

8.3.5 Correctness
8.3.6 Efficiency
8.3.7 Failure Tolerance
8.3.8 Maintainability
8.3.9 Modularity
8.3.10 Portability
8.3.11 Reliability
8.3.12 Recoverability
8.3.13 Robustness
8.3.14 Safety
8.3.15 Security
8.3.16 Self-description
8.3.17 Simplicity
8.3.18 Stability
8.3.19 Survivability
8.3.20 Testability
8.3.21 Traceability
8.4 Conclusion
References
9 The Role of Requirements Engineering in Safety Cases
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Safety Cases
9.2.1 Definition
9.2.2 Example
9.2.3 Development
9.3 Requirements Artefacts and Safety Cases
9.3.1 Safety Requirements
9.3.2 Argumentation patterns
9.4 Safety Case Development and Requirements Processes
9.4.1 Joint development
9.4.2 Traceability
9.5 Conclusions
References
10 Safety and Security Requirements Working Together
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Approaching Safety and Security Requirements
10.2.1 Understanding the Stuxnet
10.2.2 May Stuxnet Similar Case Also Happen in Aircraft?
10.2.3 But are the authorities doing something in this new scenario?
10.2.4 Understanding the DO-326A/ED-202A Airworthiness Security Process Specification
10.2.5 Why Do We Need Specific Guidelines for Security Requirements?
10.2.6 A Practical Example of a Possible Back Door for an Attacker
10.2.7 Considering Security Aspects During the Aircraft Development Lifecycle
10.2.8 Defining Security Treat Conditions
10.2.9 Security Measures
10.2.10 Developing Security Requirements
10.3 Conclusion
References
11 Requirements Engineering Maturity Model for Safety-Critical Systems
11.1 Introduction
11.2 A Maturity Model for Safety-Critical Systems
11.2.1 Process Area View
11.2.2 Maturity Level View
11.3 Evaluating the safety processes
11.3.1 Assessment Instrument and Tool.

11.3.2 Results of a Safety Maturity Assessment
11.4 Conclusions
References
Index
About Editors and Authors
Back Cover.