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Table of Contents
Front Cover
Contents
Foreword
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
Executive Summary
Abbreviations
Chapter One Introduction
Context of the Problem
Solutions to the Problem
Viability
Road Map
Methodology
Notes
References
Chapter Two Food Security Context
Highlights
Food Security and Nutrition in Africa
Food Supply
Economic Structure of the Agriculture Sector
Population Change in FCV Countries
Climate Change in FCV Countries
ANNEX 2A
Notes
References
Chapter Three Understanding Insect Farming
Highlights
Context of Insect Farming in Africa
Types of Insects that can be Farmed
Roles in Insect Farming for Civil Society, Government, and the Private Sector
Insect Farming's Nutritional Benefits
Insect Farming's Social Benefits
Insect Farming's Environmental Benefits
Insect Farming's Economic Benefits
ANNEX 3A
Notes
References
Chapter Four Mainstreaming Insect Farming
Highlights
Edible Insect Supply Chains in African FCV-Affected States
Urban and Rural Insect Markets
Drivers of the Edible Insect Market
Edible Insect Production Systems
Modeling the Potential of BSF in Zimbabwe
Annex 4A. Profiles of Potential Benefits Derived From Black Soldier Fly in 10 African Countries
Notes
References
Chapter Five Understanding Hydroponics
Highlights
About Hydroponics
Types Of Hydroponic Systems
Required Inputs
Outputs
Advantages Over Soil Agriculture
Limitations
Notes
References
Chapter Six Ways Forward
Phase 1: Establishing and Piloting
Phase 2: Scaling
Note
References
Boxes
Box 1.1 Benefits from Frontier Agriculture for Countries Affected by Fragility, Conflict, and Violence
Box 1.2 Farm-Level and Country-Level Surveys
Box 3.1 Insect Farming and the Sustainable Development Goals.
Box 4.1 Costs Associated with an Experimental Cricket Farming Activity in Kenya's Kakuma Refugee Camp
Box 5.1 Hydroponic Pilot Project in Kenya's Kakuma Refugee Camp
Box 5.2 Comparing Lettuce Yields, Water Usage, and Growing Seasons between Traditional Soil Farming and Two Hydroponic Techniques-the Wicking Bed and Nutrient Film Techniques-in West Bank and Gaza
Figures
Figure ES.1 Linear versus Circular Economy for Food Production and Consumption
Figure ES.2 Developing a Circular Food Economy
Figure ES.3 Comparative Advantage of Frontier Technology Relative to Conventional Farming When R ≤ R*
Figure ES.4 Supply Chain Integration versus Costs over Time
Figure 1.1 Prevalence of Undernourishment in African Fragile, Conflict, and Violence Countries, 2015-30
Figure 1.2 Share of the Population with Insufficient Food Consumption in African FCV Countries
Figure 1.3 Linear versus Circular Economy for Food Production and Consumption
Figure 1.4 The Circular Food Economy and Its Benefits Using the Frontier Agricultural Technologies of Insect Farming and Hydroponic Crop Agriculture
Figure 1.5 Comparative Advantage of Frontier Technology Relative to Conventional Farming When R ≤ R*
Figure 2.1 The Four Dimensions of Food Security
Figure 2.2 Food Insecurity's Negative Feedback Loop
Figure 2.3 Undernourishment Rates in FCV versus Non-FCV Countries in Africa, 2001-18
Figure 2.4 Undernourishment Is Pervasive and Increasing among FCV Countries
Figure 2.5 Prevalence of Anemia in Women of Reproductive Age (15-49 Years), 2016
Figure 2.6 Prevalence of Stunting, or a Height-for-Age More Than Two Standard Deviations below the International Median, among Children Younger Than Five Years
Figure 2.7 Food Supply in 13 African FCV Countries, 2018
Figure 2.8 Changes in Food Supply in 13 African FCV Countries, 2014-18.
Figure 2.9 Average Protein Supply in 13 African FCV Countries, 2018
Figure 2.10 Change in Per Capita Food Production Variability in 18 African FCV Countries, 2000-16
Figure 2.11 Food Exports as a Percentage of Merchandise Exports
Figure 2.12 Average Annual Output per Worker in Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishery in 13 African FCV Countries, Various Years
Figure 2.13 Average Annual Population Growth in 19 African FCV Countries from 2000-04 to 2015-19
Figure 2.14 Population Living in Urban Areas in African FCV Countries, 2000 and 2019
Figure 2.15 Net Migration in African FCV Countries, 2002-17
Figure 2.16 Number of Refugees, by Country of Origin, 2015 and 2019
Figure 2.17 Number of Internally Displaced Persons in 14 African FCV Countries, 2019
Figure 2.18 Change in Average Temperature from 2000 to 2016 in African FCV Countries
Figure 2.19 Changes in Renewable Freshwater Resources from 2002 to 2017 in African FCV Countries
Figure 3.1 Number of Direct and Indirect Jobs Created in the Insect Food and Feed Industry in Europe
Figure 3.2 Korean Government Framework for the Insects-for-Food-and-Feed Industry
Figure 3.3 Results of a Life-Cycle Assessment of the Climate Impacts from Farming Crickets, Producing Broiler Chickens, and Optimizing Cricket Farms in Thailand
Figure 4.1 Zimbabwe's Wild Harvested Mopane Caterpillar Supply Chain
Figure 4.2 Democratic Republic of Congo's Wild Harvested Edible Insect Supply Chain
Figure 4.3 Papua New Guinea's Wild Harvested Edible Insect Supply Chain
Figure 4.4 Nontribal Social Arrangements of Wild Harvested Edible Insects in Zambia's Kazoka Village
Figure 4.5 Rough Representation of the Farmed Edible Insect Value and Supply Chains
Figure 4.6 Supply Chain Integration versus Costs over Time.
Figure 4.7 Price Changes from Market Segmentation and Outsourcing Production to Small-Scale Insect Producers
Figure 4.8 Cricket Value Chain
Figure 4.9 BSF Value Chain
Figure 4.10 Maize Food Supply Chain and Annual Waste Stream, Zimbabwe
Figure 4.11 Sugarcane Food Supply Chain and Annual Waste Stream, Zimbabwe
Figure 4.12 Soybean Food Supply Chain and Annual Waste Stream, Zimbabwe
Figure 4.13 Groundnut Food Supply Chain and Annual Waste Stream, Zimbabwe
Figure 4.14 Wheat Food Supply Chain and Annual Waste Stream, Zimbabwe
Figure 5.1 Hydroponic Systems and How They Are Set Up
Figure 5.2 Aquaponics Cycle
Figure 5.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydroponic Systems
Figure 5.4 Inputs into and Outcomes of Aquaponics and Hydroponics
Figure B5.2.1 Lettuce Yield, Water Use, and Number of Growing Seasons per Year for Two Hydroponic Systems and the Traditional Soil Method in West Bank and Gaza
Figure 5.5 Hydroponic Space, Water Needs, and Yields for Producing Kale, Spinach, and Cowpeas
Figure 5.6 How Hydroponics Supports the World Bank Group's Four FCV Pillars
Figure 6.1 Developing a Circular Food Economy
Figure 6.2 Institutional and Regulatory Framework for Farmed Insects as Food and Feed
Maps
Map 1.1 Countries in Which Insect Farming Data Were Collected for This Report
Map 2.1 Stunting Rates in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, 2015
Map 3.1 Diversity and Abundance of Edible Insects in Africa
Photos
Photo 3.1 Insect-Based Health Supplements from the Republic of Korea
Photo 4.1 Examples of Cricket Farms
Photo 4.2 Examples of Mealworm Farms
Photo 4.3 Examples of BSF Production Systems
Photo 5.1 Example of a Wick System with Multiple Wicking Beds in West Bank and Gaza
Photo 5.2 Kratky Bucket System
Photo 5.3 Two Views of a Hydroponic Green Fodder System in West Bank and Gaza.
Photo 5.4 Hydroponic Farming in West Bank and Gaza
Tables
Table 2.1 Cereal Balance Sheet for 13 African FCV Countries with Available Data, 2018
Table 2.2 Agricultural Employment as a Percentage of Total Employment in African FCV Countries, 2000-19
Table 2.3 Value Added from Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing as a Percentage of GDP in 19 African FCV Countries, 2000-19
Table 2.4 Population Living below the National Poverty Line in 18 African FCV Countries, Various Years
Table 2.5 Annual Freshwater Withdrawals for Agriculture as a Percentage of Total Freshwater Withdrawals, 2002 and 2017
Table 2A.1 Undernourished People, 2000-18
Table 2A.2 Children under Age Five Who Are Stunted
Table 2A.3 Industry (Manufacturing and Construction) Value Added, 2000-19
Table 2A.4 Literacy Rate
Table 2A.5 Refugees, by Country of Origin, African FCV Countries, 2000-19
Table 2A.6 Refugees, by Asylum Country, 2005-18
Table 3.1 Willingness to Taste a Cricket Product among Nationalities in Kenya's Kakuma Refugee Camp, 2016
Table 3.2 Most Commonly Farmed Insect Species
Table 3.3 Growth Periods and Cycles of the Insect Species Observed in the Farm-Level Survey
Table 3.4 Insect Species Farmed for Food and Feed in Africa as Identified in the Farm-Level Survey in 2019
Table 3.5 Stakeholders in the Insects as Food and Feed Industry and Their Roles and Functions, 2019
Table 3.6 Korean Government Areas of Investment for the Country's Insect Sector
Table 3.7 Details of Large-Scale Insect Farming Companies, Based on Information Available in 2019
Table 3.8 Fat and Protein in Various Edible Insect Species
Table 3.9 Feed Conversion Rates of Various Insect and Livestock Species
Table 3.10 Substrate Use on African Insect Farms.
Table 3.11 Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Content of Chicken, Cricket, and Black Soldier Fly Larvae Biofertilizers.
Contents
Foreword
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
Executive Summary
Abbreviations
Chapter One Introduction
Context of the Problem
Solutions to the Problem
Viability
Road Map
Methodology
Notes
References
Chapter Two Food Security Context
Highlights
Food Security and Nutrition in Africa
Food Supply
Economic Structure of the Agriculture Sector
Population Change in FCV Countries
Climate Change in FCV Countries
ANNEX 2A
Notes
References
Chapter Three Understanding Insect Farming
Highlights
Context of Insect Farming in Africa
Types of Insects that can be Farmed
Roles in Insect Farming for Civil Society, Government, and the Private Sector
Insect Farming's Nutritional Benefits
Insect Farming's Social Benefits
Insect Farming's Environmental Benefits
Insect Farming's Economic Benefits
ANNEX 3A
Notes
References
Chapter Four Mainstreaming Insect Farming
Highlights
Edible Insect Supply Chains in African FCV-Affected States
Urban and Rural Insect Markets
Drivers of the Edible Insect Market
Edible Insect Production Systems
Modeling the Potential of BSF in Zimbabwe
Annex 4A. Profiles of Potential Benefits Derived From Black Soldier Fly in 10 African Countries
Notes
References
Chapter Five Understanding Hydroponics
Highlights
About Hydroponics
Types Of Hydroponic Systems
Required Inputs
Outputs
Advantages Over Soil Agriculture
Limitations
Notes
References
Chapter Six Ways Forward
Phase 1: Establishing and Piloting
Phase 2: Scaling
Note
References
Boxes
Box 1.1 Benefits from Frontier Agriculture for Countries Affected by Fragility, Conflict, and Violence
Box 1.2 Farm-Level and Country-Level Surveys
Box 3.1 Insect Farming and the Sustainable Development Goals.
Box 4.1 Costs Associated with an Experimental Cricket Farming Activity in Kenya's Kakuma Refugee Camp
Box 5.1 Hydroponic Pilot Project in Kenya's Kakuma Refugee Camp
Box 5.2 Comparing Lettuce Yields, Water Usage, and Growing Seasons between Traditional Soil Farming and Two Hydroponic Techniques-the Wicking Bed and Nutrient Film Techniques-in West Bank and Gaza
Figures
Figure ES.1 Linear versus Circular Economy for Food Production and Consumption
Figure ES.2 Developing a Circular Food Economy
Figure ES.3 Comparative Advantage of Frontier Technology Relative to Conventional Farming When R ≤ R*
Figure ES.4 Supply Chain Integration versus Costs over Time
Figure 1.1 Prevalence of Undernourishment in African Fragile, Conflict, and Violence Countries, 2015-30
Figure 1.2 Share of the Population with Insufficient Food Consumption in African FCV Countries
Figure 1.3 Linear versus Circular Economy for Food Production and Consumption
Figure 1.4 The Circular Food Economy and Its Benefits Using the Frontier Agricultural Technologies of Insect Farming and Hydroponic Crop Agriculture
Figure 1.5 Comparative Advantage of Frontier Technology Relative to Conventional Farming When R ≤ R*
Figure 2.1 The Four Dimensions of Food Security
Figure 2.2 Food Insecurity's Negative Feedback Loop
Figure 2.3 Undernourishment Rates in FCV versus Non-FCV Countries in Africa, 2001-18
Figure 2.4 Undernourishment Is Pervasive and Increasing among FCV Countries
Figure 2.5 Prevalence of Anemia in Women of Reproductive Age (15-49 Years), 2016
Figure 2.6 Prevalence of Stunting, or a Height-for-Age More Than Two Standard Deviations below the International Median, among Children Younger Than Five Years
Figure 2.7 Food Supply in 13 African FCV Countries, 2018
Figure 2.8 Changes in Food Supply in 13 African FCV Countries, 2014-18.
Figure 2.9 Average Protein Supply in 13 African FCV Countries, 2018
Figure 2.10 Change in Per Capita Food Production Variability in 18 African FCV Countries, 2000-16
Figure 2.11 Food Exports as a Percentage of Merchandise Exports
Figure 2.12 Average Annual Output per Worker in Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishery in 13 African FCV Countries, Various Years
Figure 2.13 Average Annual Population Growth in 19 African FCV Countries from 2000-04 to 2015-19
Figure 2.14 Population Living in Urban Areas in African FCV Countries, 2000 and 2019
Figure 2.15 Net Migration in African FCV Countries, 2002-17
Figure 2.16 Number of Refugees, by Country of Origin, 2015 and 2019
Figure 2.17 Number of Internally Displaced Persons in 14 African FCV Countries, 2019
Figure 2.18 Change in Average Temperature from 2000 to 2016 in African FCV Countries
Figure 2.19 Changes in Renewable Freshwater Resources from 2002 to 2017 in African FCV Countries
Figure 3.1 Number of Direct and Indirect Jobs Created in the Insect Food and Feed Industry in Europe
Figure 3.2 Korean Government Framework for the Insects-for-Food-and-Feed Industry
Figure 3.3 Results of a Life-Cycle Assessment of the Climate Impacts from Farming Crickets, Producing Broiler Chickens, and Optimizing Cricket Farms in Thailand
Figure 4.1 Zimbabwe's Wild Harvested Mopane Caterpillar Supply Chain
Figure 4.2 Democratic Republic of Congo's Wild Harvested Edible Insect Supply Chain
Figure 4.3 Papua New Guinea's Wild Harvested Edible Insect Supply Chain
Figure 4.4 Nontribal Social Arrangements of Wild Harvested Edible Insects in Zambia's Kazoka Village
Figure 4.5 Rough Representation of the Farmed Edible Insect Value and Supply Chains
Figure 4.6 Supply Chain Integration versus Costs over Time.
Figure 4.7 Price Changes from Market Segmentation and Outsourcing Production to Small-Scale Insect Producers
Figure 4.8 Cricket Value Chain
Figure 4.9 BSF Value Chain
Figure 4.10 Maize Food Supply Chain and Annual Waste Stream, Zimbabwe
Figure 4.11 Sugarcane Food Supply Chain and Annual Waste Stream, Zimbabwe
Figure 4.12 Soybean Food Supply Chain and Annual Waste Stream, Zimbabwe
Figure 4.13 Groundnut Food Supply Chain and Annual Waste Stream, Zimbabwe
Figure 4.14 Wheat Food Supply Chain and Annual Waste Stream, Zimbabwe
Figure 5.1 Hydroponic Systems and How They Are Set Up
Figure 5.2 Aquaponics Cycle
Figure 5.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydroponic Systems
Figure 5.4 Inputs into and Outcomes of Aquaponics and Hydroponics
Figure B5.2.1 Lettuce Yield, Water Use, and Number of Growing Seasons per Year for Two Hydroponic Systems and the Traditional Soil Method in West Bank and Gaza
Figure 5.5 Hydroponic Space, Water Needs, and Yields for Producing Kale, Spinach, and Cowpeas
Figure 5.6 How Hydroponics Supports the World Bank Group's Four FCV Pillars
Figure 6.1 Developing a Circular Food Economy
Figure 6.2 Institutional and Regulatory Framework for Farmed Insects as Food and Feed
Maps
Map 1.1 Countries in Which Insect Farming Data Were Collected for This Report
Map 2.1 Stunting Rates in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, 2015
Map 3.1 Diversity and Abundance of Edible Insects in Africa
Photos
Photo 3.1 Insect-Based Health Supplements from the Republic of Korea
Photo 4.1 Examples of Cricket Farms
Photo 4.2 Examples of Mealworm Farms
Photo 4.3 Examples of BSF Production Systems
Photo 5.1 Example of a Wick System with Multiple Wicking Beds in West Bank and Gaza
Photo 5.2 Kratky Bucket System
Photo 5.3 Two Views of a Hydroponic Green Fodder System in West Bank and Gaza.
Photo 5.4 Hydroponic Farming in West Bank and Gaza
Tables
Table 2.1 Cereal Balance Sheet for 13 African FCV Countries with Available Data, 2018
Table 2.2 Agricultural Employment as a Percentage of Total Employment in African FCV Countries, 2000-19
Table 2.3 Value Added from Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing as a Percentage of GDP in 19 African FCV Countries, 2000-19
Table 2.4 Population Living below the National Poverty Line in 18 African FCV Countries, Various Years
Table 2.5 Annual Freshwater Withdrawals for Agriculture as a Percentage of Total Freshwater Withdrawals, 2002 and 2017
Table 2A.1 Undernourished People, 2000-18
Table 2A.2 Children under Age Five Who Are Stunted
Table 2A.3 Industry (Manufacturing and Construction) Value Added, 2000-19
Table 2A.4 Literacy Rate
Table 2A.5 Refugees, by Country of Origin, African FCV Countries, 2000-19
Table 2A.6 Refugees, by Asylum Country, 2005-18
Table 3.1 Willingness to Taste a Cricket Product among Nationalities in Kenya's Kakuma Refugee Camp, 2016
Table 3.2 Most Commonly Farmed Insect Species
Table 3.3 Growth Periods and Cycles of the Insect Species Observed in the Farm-Level Survey
Table 3.4 Insect Species Farmed for Food and Feed in Africa as Identified in the Farm-Level Survey in 2019
Table 3.5 Stakeholders in the Insects as Food and Feed Industry and Their Roles and Functions, 2019
Table 3.6 Korean Government Areas of Investment for the Country's Insect Sector
Table 3.7 Details of Large-Scale Insect Farming Companies, Based on Information Available in 2019
Table 3.8 Fat and Protein in Various Edible Insect Species
Table 3.9 Feed Conversion Rates of Various Insect and Livestock Species
Table 3.10 Substrate Use on African Insect Farms.
Table 3.11 Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Content of Chicken, Cricket, and Black Soldier Fly Larvae Biofertilizers.