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Title Page; Copyright Page; Table of Contents; Preface; Foreword; Biographical Notes; Contributors; PART I The Anglo-Saxon Orientation; 1 Punishment and Control: Juvenile Justice Reform in the USA; INTRODUCTION; 1. CONTEXT FOR UNDERSTANDING POLICY; 1.1. Historical Context; 1.2. Social and Demographic Context; 1.3. Crime; 2. KEY POLICY AREAS; 2.1. Age; 2.2. Status Offenses; 2.3. Discretion; 2.4. Other Systems; 2.5. Diversion; 2.6. Demographic Bias; 3. POLICY TRENDS AND OUTCOMES; 3.1. "Get Tough" Reforms for Serious Offenders; 3.1.1. The Death Penalty for Juveniles; 3.2. Delinquency Prevention.
3.2.1. Early Intervention3.2.2. Secondary Prevention; 3.2.3. Juvenile Court: Processing, Sentencing, and Correctional Reforms for Middle-Range Offenders; 4. CONCLUDING THOUGHTS; REFERENCES; 2 Canada's Juvenile Justice System: Promoting Community-Based Responses to Youth Crime; INTRODUCTION: THE YOUTH JUSTICE CONTEXT IN CANADA; 1. A CENTURY OF CHANGE IN CANADA'S JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM; 2. THE JUVENILE DELINQUENTS ACT (1908-1984); 3. THE YOUNG OFFENDERS ACT (1984-2003); 4. DISSATISFACTION WITH THE YOA: CANADIAN POLITICS AND YOUTH CRIME POLICIES.
5. ENACTING THE YOUTH CRIMINAL JUSTICE ACT (1996-2003)6. CANADA'S YOUTH CRIMINAL JUSTICE ACT : A SUMMARY; 6.1. Preamble and Principles; 6.2. Youth Justice Courts; 6.4. Role of Parents; 6.5. Pre-Court Diversion: Extrajudicial Measures; 6.6. Conferences; 6.7. Pre-trial Detention; 6.8. The Sentencing Process; 6.9. Sentencing Purposes
s. 38(1); 6.10. Sentencing Principles
s. 38(2); 6.11. Restrictions on the Imposition of a Custodial Sanction
s. 39; 6.12. Additional Restrictions Regarding the use of Custody: s. 39; 6.13. New Community-based Sentences.
6.14. New Blended form of Custody and Community Supervision6.15. Adult Sentencing; 7. CHARGING AND SENTENCING UNDER THE YCJA; 8. THE LIMITED ROLE OF THE YOUTH JUSTICE SYSTEM IN RESPONDING TO YOUTH CRIME; REFERENCES; 3 Beyond Welfare Versus Justice: Juvenile Justice in England and Wales; INTRODUCTION; 1. DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION IN ENGLAND AND WALES; 2. TRENDS IN OFFENDING BEHAVIOUR; 3. DEVELOPMENTS IN PREVENTION; 4. THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM; 4.1. The Youth Court; 4.1.1. Lifting Reporting Restrictions; 4.2. Magistrates and District Judges; 4.2.1. Specialisation; 4.3. The Crown Court.
4.3.1. A Suitable Venue for Juveniles?4.4. The Age of Criminal Responsibility; 4.4.1. Child Safety Order; 4.5. Judicial Arrangements for Dealing with Juveniles; 4.5.1. Pre-Court Disposals; 4.5.2. Prosecution; 4.5.3. Pretrial Arrangements; 4.5.4. Sentencing; 4.6. Sanctions; 4.6.1. Supervision Order; 4.6.2. Action Plan Order; 4.6.3. Attendance Centre Order; 4.6.4. Reparation Order; 4.6.5. Community Punishment Order; 4.6.6. Community Rehabilitation Order; 4.6.7. Community Rehabilitation and Punishment Order; 4.6.8. Curfew Order; 4.6.9. Drug Treatment and Testing Order; 4.6.10. Referral Order.
3.2.1. Early Intervention3.2.2. Secondary Prevention; 3.2.3. Juvenile Court: Processing, Sentencing, and Correctional Reforms for Middle-Range Offenders; 4. CONCLUDING THOUGHTS; REFERENCES; 2 Canada's Juvenile Justice System: Promoting Community-Based Responses to Youth Crime; INTRODUCTION: THE YOUTH JUSTICE CONTEXT IN CANADA; 1. A CENTURY OF CHANGE IN CANADA'S JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM; 2. THE JUVENILE DELINQUENTS ACT (1908-1984); 3. THE YOUNG OFFENDERS ACT (1984-2003); 4. DISSATISFACTION WITH THE YOA: CANADIAN POLITICS AND YOUTH CRIME POLICIES.
5. ENACTING THE YOUTH CRIMINAL JUSTICE ACT (1996-2003)6. CANADA'S YOUTH CRIMINAL JUSTICE ACT : A SUMMARY; 6.1. Preamble and Principles; 6.2. Youth Justice Courts; 6.4. Role of Parents; 6.5. Pre-Court Diversion: Extrajudicial Measures; 6.6. Conferences; 6.7. Pre-trial Detention; 6.8. The Sentencing Process; 6.9. Sentencing Purposes
s. 38(1); 6.10. Sentencing Principles
s. 38(2); 6.11. Restrictions on the Imposition of a Custodial Sanction
s. 39; 6.12. Additional Restrictions Regarding the use of Custody: s. 39; 6.13. New Community-based Sentences.
6.14. New Blended form of Custody and Community Supervision6.15. Adult Sentencing; 7. CHARGING AND SENTENCING UNDER THE YCJA; 8. THE LIMITED ROLE OF THE YOUTH JUSTICE SYSTEM IN RESPONDING TO YOUTH CRIME; REFERENCES; 3 Beyond Welfare Versus Justice: Juvenile Justice in England and Wales; INTRODUCTION; 1. DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION IN ENGLAND AND WALES; 2. TRENDS IN OFFENDING BEHAVIOUR; 3. DEVELOPMENTS IN PREVENTION; 4. THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM; 4.1. The Youth Court; 4.1.1. Lifting Reporting Restrictions; 4.2. Magistrates and District Judges; 4.2.1. Specialisation; 4.3. The Crown Court.
4.3.1. A Suitable Venue for Juveniles?4.4. The Age of Criminal Responsibility; 4.4.1. Child Safety Order; 4.5. Judicial Arrangements for Dealing with Juveniles; 4.5.1. Pre-Court Disposals; 4.5.2. Prosecution; 4.5.3. Pretrial Arrangements; 4.5.4. Sentencing; 4.6. Sanctions; 4.6.1. Supervision Order; 4.6.2. Action Plan Order; 4.6.3. Attendance Centre Order; 4.6.4. Reparation Order; 4.6.5. Community Punishment Order; 4.6.6. Community Rehabilitation Order; 4.6.7. Community Rehabilitation and Punishment Order; 4.6.8. Curfew Order; 4.6.9. Drug Treatment and Testing Order; 4.6.10. Referral Order.