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Table of Contents
Intro
Foreword
Contents
Contributors
Abbreviations
1 The Ecotoxicology of Aquatic Macrophytes: An Overview
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Importance of Macrophytes in Aquatic Ecosystems
1.3 Ecotoxicology Studies with Aquatic Macrophytes
1.4 Conclusions
References
2 Biomarkers in Aquatic Macrophytes: Traditional and Novel Approaches for Monitoring Responses to Exposure to Pollutants
2.1 Biomarker Definition and Classification
2.2 Physiological Biomarkers
2.3 Biochemical Biomarkers
2.3.1 Oxidative Stress
2.4 Detoxification/biotransformation
2.5 Genotoxicity Biomarkers
2.6 Molecular Biomarkers
2.7 Hypothetical Integrative Models of Biomarker Responses
2.8 Biomarker Responses to Copper
2.9 Biomarker Responses to Atrazine
2.10 Biomarker Responses to Ciprofloxacin
2.11 Biomarker Responses to PFAS
2.12 Conclusions
References
3 Metal(loid)s in Macrophytes from the Americas
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Laboratory Studies
3.2.1 Accumulation of Metal(loid)s in P. pusillus and Impact on Biochemical Parameters
3.2.2 Distribution of Metal(loid)s in P. pusillus Tissues
3.2.3 Accumulation and Translocation of Metal(loid)s in Mangrove Plants
3.3 Field Studies
3.3.1 Potamogeton pusillus as a Bioindicator of Elemental Contamination
3.3.2 Mangrove Plants as Bioindicators of Metal Contamination
3.3.3 Stable Isotopes in Mangrove Plants as Bioindicators of Environmental Pollution
3.4 Conclusions
References
4 Global Perspective for the Use of Aquatic Macrophytes in Regulatory Risk Assessment for Contaminants
4.1 Introduction to Aquatic Macrophytes as Relevant to Risk Assessment
4.1.1 Macrophyte Growth Forms
4.1.2 Macrophyte Plasticity
4.1.3 Role of Macrophytes in Aquatic Ecosystems
4.1.4 Ecosystem Services Provided by Macrophytes
4.2 Current Use of Macrophytes in Ecological Risk Assessments
4.2.1 Overview and Rationale for Ecological Risk Assessments
4.2.2 Macrophyte Use in Ecological Risk Assessments
4.2.3 Phytotoxicity Assessment Using Standardized Test Protocols
4.2.4 Standard Test Species for Phytotoxicity Assessment
4.2.5 Tier 1 (Lower-Tier) Phytotoxicity Tests with Macrophytes
4.2.6 Higher-Tier Phytotoxicity Tests with Macrophytes
4.2.7 Ecotoxicological Endpoints for Macrophytes
4.2.8 Sensitivity of Macrophyte Species and Endpoints
4.3 Global Examples of the Use of Macrophytes in Regulatory Risk Assessment
4.3.1 North America
4.3.2 South America
4.3.3 Europe
4.3.4 Africa
4.3.5 Australia
4.3.6 Global Perspective on the Risk Assessment for Macrophytes
4.4 Conclusion and Outlook: Future Ecological Risk Assessments with Macrophytes
References
5 Wild Rice (Zizania spp.) as a Model Macrophyte Toxicity Test Species for Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Wild Rice Life History
5.3 Wild Rice Ecological Relevance
Foreword
Contents
Contributors
Abbreviations
1 The Ecotoxicology of Aquatic Macrophytes: An Overview
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Importance of Macrophytes in Aquatic Ecosystems
1.3 Ecotoxicology Studies with Aquatic Macrophytes
1.4 Conclusions
References
2 Biomarkers in Aquatic Macrophytes: Traditional and Novel Approaches for Monitoring Responses to Exposure to Pollutants
2.1 Biomarker Definition and Classification
2.2 Physiological Biomarkers
2.3 Biochemical Biomarkers
2.3.1 Oxidative Stress
2.4 Detoxification/biotransformation
2.5 Genotoxicity Biomarkers
2.6 Molecular Biomarkers
2.7 Hypothetical Integrative Models of Biomarker Responses
2.8 Biomarker Responses to Copper
2.9 Biomarker Responses to Atrazine
2.10 Biomarker Responses to Ciprofloxacin
2.11 Biomarker Responses to PFAS
2.12 Conclusions
References
3 Metal(loid)s in Macrophytes from the Americas
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Laboratory Studies
3.2.1 Accumulation of Metal(loid)s in P. pusillus and Impact on Biochemical Parameters
3.2.2 Distribution of Metal(loid)s in P. pusillus Tissues
3.2.3 Accumulation and Translocation of Metal(loid)s in Mangrove Plants
3.3 Field Studies
3.3.1 Potamogeton pusillus as a Bioindicator of Elemental Contamination
3.3.2 Mangrove Plants as Bioindicators of Metal Contamination
3.3.3 Stable Isotopes in Mangrove Plants as Bioindicators of Environmental Pollution
3.4 Conclusions
References
4 Global Perspective for the Use of Aquatic Macrophytes in Regulatory Risk Assessment for Contaminants
4.1 Introduction to Aquatic Macrophytes as Relevant to Risk Assessment
4.1.1 Macrophyte Growth Forms
4.1.2 Macrophyte Plasticity
4.1.3 Role of Macrophytes in Aquatic Ecosystems
4.1.4 Ecosystem Services Provided by Macrophytes
4.2 Current Use of Macrophytes in Ecological Risk Assessments
4.2.1 Overview and Rationale for Ecological Risk Assessments
4.2.2 Macrophyte Use in Ecological Risk Assessments
4.2.3 Phytotoxicity Assessment Using Standardized Test Protocols
4.2.4 Standard Test Species for Phytotoxicity Assessment
4.2.5 Tier 1 (Lower-Tier) Phytotoxicity Tests with Macrophytes
4.2.6 Higher-Tier Phytotoxicity Tests with Macrophytes
4.2.7 Ecotoxicological Endpoints for Macrophytes
4.2.8 Sensitivity of Macrophyte Species and Endpoints
4.3 Global Examples of the Use of Macrophytes in Regulatory Risk Assessment
4.3.1 North America
4.3.2 South America
4.3.3 Europe
4.3.4 Africa
4.3.5 Australia
4.3.6 Global Perspective on the Risk Assessment for Macrophytes
4.4 Conclusion and Outlook: Future Ecological Risk Assessments with Macrophytes
References
5 Wild Rice (Zizania spp.) as a Model Macrophyte Toxicity Test Species for Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Wild Rice Life History
5.3 Wild Rice Ecological Relevance