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Front Cover; Life-Cycle Assessment of Biorefineries; Copyright; Contents; Contributors; Preface; Chapter 1: Classification of Biorefineries Takinginto Account Sustainability Potentials and Flexibility; 1.1. Introduction; 1.2. Classification Systems; 1.2.1. Main Features; 1.2.1.1. Case 1: AC5/C6 Plant Producing Bioethanol From Vetiver Leaves Using a Biochemical Route; 1.2.1.2. Case 2: AC5/C6 Biorefinery Producing Bioethanol and Furfural From Vetiver Leaves Using a Biochemical Route.
1.2.1.3. Case 3: An Oil Biorefinery Producing Biodiesel, Glycerin, and Protein From Microalgae by a Biochemical Route1.2.1.4. Case 4: An Oil/C5/C6 Biorefinery Producing Biodiesel, Glycerin, Protein and Succinic Acid From Microalgae Using a ... ; 1.2.1.5. Case 5: A Synthesis Gas Biorefinery Producing Biomethane and Fertilizer From Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches Using a ... ; 1.2.2. Main Platforms of Biorefineries; 1.2.2.1. C5/C6 Sugars; Lignocellulosic agricultural crops; Forestry crops; Agricultural and forestry residues; Fractionation and saccharification of lignocellulosic feedstocks.
Saccharification1.2.2.2. Lignin Platform; 1.2.2.3. Bio-syngas Platform; Gasification process; Influence of the biomass characteristics; Temperature and other influential operating factors; Gasification technologies; Gas cleaning; Tar reduction; Reduction of inorganic compounds; 1.2.2.4. Pyrolysis Liquid Platform; 1.2.2.5. Bio-oil Platform; Vegetable oils and fats; Microalgaeoil; 1.2.3. Products of Biorefineries; 1.2.3.1. Energy Products; 1.2.3.2. Chemical Products; 1.2.3.3. Biopolymers; 1.3. Revisiting the Classification System-Goals and Scopes of Biorefineries.
1.4. Inclusion of Sustainability in the Classification System1.4.1. Sustainability Criteria; 1.4.1.1. Environmental Sustainability; 1.4.1.2. Economic Sustainability; 1.4.1.3. Social Sustainability; 1.4.2. Defining Sustainability Classes Using a Logic Based Model; 1.4.2.1. Modeling Economic Sustainability of Biorefineries; 1.4.2.2. Modeling Social Sustainability of Biorefineries; 1.4.2.3. Modeling Environmental Sustainability of Biorefineries; 1.4.3. Rule Base; 1.4.4. Illustration of Sustainability Potentials; 1.5. Inclusion of Flexibility; 1.5.1. Strategic Flexibility.
1.5.1.1. Cost Reductions Due to Mutualization1.5.1.2. Positive Environmental and Social Externalities; 1.5.1.3. Capability Reward; 1.5.2. Operational Flexibility; 1.6. The Rationale of Public and Private Incentives: The Role of Classification; 1.7. Conclusions and Perspectives; References; Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Life Cycle Assessment and Specificity of Biorefineries; 2.1. Life Cycle Assessment: From Infancy to a Standardized Methodology; 2.2. Definition of the Goal and Scope; 2.2.1. The Goal; 2.2.2. The Scope; 2.2.2.1. Function of the Product System and Functional Unit.
1.2.1.3. Case 3: An Oil Biorefinery Producing Biodiesel, Glycerin, and Protein From Microalgae by a Biochemical Route1.2.1.4. Case 4: An Oil/C5/C6 Biorefinery Producing Biodiesel, Glycerin, Protein and Succinic Acid From Microalgae Using a ... ; 1.2.1.5. Case 5: A Synthesis Gas Biorefinery Producing Biomethane and Fertilizer From Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches Using a ... ; 1.2.2. Main Platforms of Biorefineries; 1.2.2.1. C5/C6 Sugars; Lignocellulosic agricultural crops; Forestry crops; Agricultural and forestry residues; Fractionation and saccharification of lignocellulosic feedstocks.
Saccharification1.2.2.2. Lignin Platform; 1.2.2.3. Bio-syngas Platform; Gasification process; Influence of the biomass characteristics; Temperature and other influential operating factors; Gasification technologies; Gas cleaning; Tar reduction; Reduction of inorganic compounds; 1.2.2.4. Pyrolysis Liquid Platform; 1.2.2.5. Bio-oil Platform; Vegetable oils and fats; Microalgaeoil; 1.2.3. Products of Biorefineries; 1.2.3.1. Energy Products; 1.2.3.2. Chemical Products; 1.2.3.3. Biopolymers; 1.3. Revisiting the Classification System-Goals and Scopes of Biorefineries.
1.4. Inclusion of Sustainability in the Classification System1.4.1. Sustainability Criteria; 1.4.1.1. Environmental Sustainability; 1.4.1.2. Economic Sustainability; 1.4.1.3. Social Sustainability; 1.4.2. Defining Sustainability Classes Using a Logic Based Model; 1.4.2.1. Modeling Economic Sustainability of Biorefineries; 1.4.2.2. Modeling Social Sustainability of Biorefineries; 1.4.2.3. Modeling Environmental Sustainability of Biorefineries; 1.4.3. Rule Base; 1.4.4. Illustration of Sustainability Potentials; 1.5. Inclusion of Flexibility; 1.5.1. Strategic Flexibility.
1.5.1.1. Cost Reductions Due to Mutualization1.5.1.2. Positive Environmental and Social Externalities; 1.5.1.3. Capability Reward; 1.5.2. Operational Flexibility; 1.6. The Rationale of Public and Private Incentives: The Role of Classification; 1.7. Conclusions and Perspectives; References; Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Life Cycle Assessment and Specificity of Biorefineries; 2.1. Life Cycle Assessment: From Infancy to a Standardized Methodology; 2.2. Definition of the Goal and Scope; 2.2.1. The Goal; 2.2.2. The Scope; 2.2.2.1. Function of the Product System and Functional Unit.