Cover
Contents
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Disclaimers
Executive Summary
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 CORRECTIVE WATER TREATMENT FOR REDUCING LEAD IN DRINKING WATER
1.2 REGULATORY BACKGROUND IN THE UNITED STATES AND THE NEED FOR FURTHER OPTIMISATION OF PLUMBOSOLVENCY CONTROL
1.3 REGULATORY BACKGROUND IN CANADA AND THE NEED FOR FURTHER OPTIMISATION OF PLUMBOSOLVENCY CONTROL
1.4 OPTIMISATION OF PLUMBOSOLVENCY CONTROL IN THE UNITED KINGDOM AND THE USE OF COMPUTATIONAL MODELLING TECHNIQUES
1.5 PROJECT OUTLINE, OBJECTIVES AND BENEFITS
(a) Project outline
(b) Objectives
(c) Benefits
Chapter 2: Description of the computational compliance models
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 THE SINGLE PIPE MODEL
2.3 THE ZONAL MODELLING FRAMEWORK
2.4 SIMULATING SAMPLING
(a) Introduction
(b) Random daytime (RDT) sampling
(c) 6 hours stagnation sampling
(d) 30 minutes stagnation (30MS) sampling
(e) Examples of model output
Chapter 3: Simulation of water flow in a pipe using computational fluid dynamics
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 THE FLUID FLOW EQUATIONS AND THEIR COMPUTATIONAL SOLUTION
3.3 COMPARISON OF PLUG AND LAMINAR FLOW ALONG A STRAIGHT PIPE
3.4 APPLICATION OF VOLUMETRIC PROFILES
Chapter 4: Calibration and validation
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 CALIBRATION
4.3 VALIDATION
Chapter 5: Case study: City A (US)
5.1 BACKGROUND
5.2 CALIBRATION AND USE OF THE LEAD EMISSION MODEL
(a) Lead pipe lengths and diameters
(b) Non-lead pipe lengths and diameters
(c) Water consumptions and patterns of use
(d) Plumbosolvency factors
(e) Other model inputs
(f) Uncertainties
(g) Premise plumbing
5.3 RESULTS
(a) Matching predicted to observed LCR survey results
(b) Orthophosphate dosing scenarios
(c) Risk assessment
5.4 DISCUSSION
5.5 CONCLUSIONS.

Chapter 6: Case study: City B (CA)
6.1 BACKGROUND
6.2 CALIBRATION AND USE OF THE LEAD EMISSION MODEL
(a) Lead service pipe lengths and diameters
(b) Non-lead pipe lengths and diameters
(c) Water consumptions and patterns of use
(d) Plumbosolvency factors
(e) Other model inputs
(f) Uncertainties
(g) Premise plumbing
6.3 RESULTS
(a) Predicted and observed 30MS survey results
(b) Predicted results for sequential sampling after 6 hrs stagnation
(c) Risk assessment
6.4 DISCUSSION
6.5 CONCLUSIONS
Chapter 7: Case study: City C (US)
7.1 BACKGROUND
7.2 ASSESSMENT OF LEAD DATA FROM SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING SURVEYS
(a) Results profiles
(b) LCR compliance
7.3 LEAD SERVICE LINES AND PLUMBOSOLVENCY CHARACTERISATION
7.4 MODELLING
(a) Zonal compliance modelling
(b) Additional modelling to investigate laminar flow effects
7.5 DISCUSSION
7.6 CONCLUSIONS
Chapter 8: Investigations into sequential sampling
8.1 INTRODUCTION
8.2 SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING SURVEYS IN CITIES A, B AND C
(a) City A-results of sequential sampling by the State Health Authority
(b) City B - results of sequential sampling by the utility
(c) City C - results of sequential sampling by the USEPA
8.3 MODELLING ZONAL COMPLIANCE
8.4 USING REYNOLD'S NUMBER
8.5 MODELLING SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING AT A SINGLE HOUSE
(a) Introduction
(b) Validation exercise
(c) Effect of copper pipe length
(d) Effect of lead pipe length
(e) Effect of pipe diameters
(f) Conclusions from the modelling exercises
Chapter 9: Discussion
9.1 THE USE OF MODELLING IN THE OPTIMISATION OF PLUMBOSOLVENCY CONTROL
(a) The limitations of sampling
(b) The use of computational modelling tools
(c) Supporting techniques
9.2 REGULATORY ASPECTS
(a) United States
(b) Canada
9.3 OPERATIONAL ASPECTS.

9.4 RISK ASSESSMENT
9.5 THE WAY FORWARD
Chapter 10: Conclusions
Chapter 11: References
Appendix 1: Calibration data
CITY A
CITY B
Appendix 2: Examples of model output.