Physical activity and pandemics : lessons learned from COVID-19 / Maryam Selk-Ghaffari, Amirhossein Memari, Behnaz Mahdaviani, Ramin Kordi, editors.

Intro
Introduction
Acknowledgements
Contents
1: COVID-19 and the Prevalence of Physical Inactivity
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Physical Activity Changes Among Adults
1.1.2 Physical Activity Changes Among Children and Adolescents
1.1.3 Physical Activity Changes Among Older Adults
1.1.4 Physical Activity Changes in People with Chronic Complications
1.2 Health Complications of Physical Inactivity Due to COVID-19 Restrictions
1.3 Physical Activity After the COVID-19 Pandemic
1.4 Conclusion
References

2: Physical Activity as a Protective Factor of COVID-19
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Evidences of Physical Activity Benefits Other than COVID-19 Pandemic
2.2.1 Physical Activity and Community-Acquired Infectious Disease
2.2.2 Effect of Physical Activity Interventions on Immune System
2.3 Evidence of Physical Activity Benefits in COVID-19 Pandemic
2.3.1 Physical Activity and COVID-19 Outcomes
2.3.2 Physical Activity Interventions and COVID-19 Outcomes
2.4 Conclusion
References
3: The Importance of Lifestyle and Environmental Exposures on COVID-19
3.1 Introduction

3.2 Exposome Components
3.2.1 Physical Behaviors and Physical Fitness
3.2.2 Body Composition Optimization
3.2.3 Diet
3.2.4 Vitamin D and Sun Exposure
3.2.5 Stress
3.2.6 Sleep and Circadian Disruption
3.2.7 Exposure to Environmental Pollution
3.2.8 Smoking
3.3 Conclusion
References
4: Physical Activity and COVID-19 Severity and Mortality
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Physical Activity Benefits
4.3 Guidelines for Health-Enhancing Physical Activity
4.3.1 Physical Activity and Immune System
4.3.2 Physical Activity Level During COVID-19 Pandemic

4.4 Evidences About Physical Activity and Severe Consequences of COVID-19
4.4.1 Evidences for Physical Activity Level and Severity of Viral Infectious Diseases
4.4.2 Effects of Physical Activity on Immune System Function During COVID-19 Pandemic
4.5 Conclusion
References
5: Physical Activity and COVID-19 Vaccines
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Antiviral Activities of the Immune System
5.3 Effects of Physical Activity on the Immune System
5.3.1 Effect of Physical Activity on Different Vaccines

5.3.2 Effect of Physical Activity on the Improvement of COVID-19 Vaccines Effect
5.3.3 Effect of Physical Activity on the Decrease of COVID-19 Vaccines Side Effects
5.4 Practical Recommendations to Enhance COVID-19 Vaccine Efficacy
5.5 Conclusion
References
6: Post-COVID-19 Physical Rehabilitation
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Clinical Assessment for Post-COVID-19 Patients
6.2.1 Ambulatory Patients
6.2.2 Hospitalized Patients with Non-mechanical Ventilation
6.2.3 Hospitalized Patients with Mechanical Ventilation
6.3 Physical Therapy for Post-COVID-19 Patients