Intro
Preface
Prologue
Contents
Contributors
1 The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian Axis, Menstrual and Oral Contraceptive Cycles: Regulation and Function in the Context of Exercise and Sport
Introduction
Female Sex Steroids
Estrogens
Progestogen
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian Axis
Hypothalamic Hormones
Pituitary Hormones
Ovarian Hormones
Other Key Regulators of the HPO Axis
The Menstrual Cycle
Menstrual cycle, sport and exercise
Menstrual Dysfunction
Hormonal Contraceptives
Oral Contraceptives
Estrogens
Progestins

Progestogen-Only Hormonal Contraceptives
Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)
Possible Side Effects and Adverse Effects of Hormonal Contraceptives
Non-contraceptive Benefits of HCs
Non-hormonal Contraceptive Methods
Hormonal Contraceptives and Exercise-Sport
Female Hormones in the Laboratory and on the Field
Summary and Conclusions
References
2 Sex Hormones and Substrate Metabolism During Endurance Exercise
Introduction
Sex Differences in Substrate Metabolism During Endurance Exercise
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Fat Metabolism

Estrogen-Induced Sex Differences in Substrate Metabolism
Protein Metabolism
Menstrual Cycle and Substrate Metabolism During Endurance Exercise
Fluctuations of Ovarian Hormones During the Menstrual Cycle
Natural Ovarian Hormones and Substrate Metabolism During Endurance Exercise
Oral Contraceptive Effects on Substrate Metabolism During Endurance Exercise
Oral Contraceptive Formulations
Synthetic Ovarian Hormone Affects on Substrate Metabolism During Endurance Exercise
Pregnancy
Menopause Affects on Substrate Metabolism During Endurance Exercise
Menopause

Sex Differences in Substrate Metabolism During Endurance Exercise in Older Individuals
Menopause and Substrate Metabolism During Endurance Exercise: Comparison Between Pre- and Postmenopausal Women
Menopause, Hormone Replacement Therapy, and Substrate Metabolism During Endurance Exercise
Conclusion
References
3 Effects of Sex Hormones and Exercise on Adipose Tissue
Overview of Functions of Adipose Tissue
Effects of Exercise and Estrogen on Adipocyte Lipolysis
Factors Affecting Adipose Tissue Distribution
Role of Estrogen Receptors in Adipose Tissue Metabolism

Effects of Exercise and Estrogen on Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT)
Mitochondrial Function and Browning of WAT (Can Exercise and Estrogen Make Fat Cells Fit?)
Roles Played by Exercise and Estrogen in Adiposity Reduction
Adipose Tissue as an Endocrine Organ Susceptible to Inflammation
Effects of Exercise and Estrogen on Adipose Tissue Inflammation
Role of Sex in Exercise-Mediated Adipose Tissue Responses
Summary
References
4 Sex Hormones and Their Impact on the Respiratory Responses to Exercise and the Environment
Introduction