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Table of Contents
Intro
Foreword
Preface
Contents
List of Figures
1 Introduction to Photovoltaic Cell Manufacturing
Abstract
1 Introduction to Solar Photovoltaics Manufacturing
References
2 First-Generation Photovoltaics: History and Conventional Manufacturing
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 PV Technologies Introduction and Proliferation
3 History of Manufacturing Technology
4 Harmonizing Materials and Manufacturing Processes
5 Life Cycle Analysis of Photovoltaic Technologies
5.1 PV Systems Components and Technologies-To-Be-Analyzed
5.2 Energy Impact and Emissions of Silicon Solar PV Technologies
References
3 Silicon Feedstock and Ultra-Refinement
Abstract
1 The Carbothermal Refinement Process
2 Silicon Ultra-Refinement
2.1 Siemens Process
2.2 Fluidized Bed Reactor Process
3 Monocrystalline Silicon Production
3.1 The Czochralski Process
3.2 Float Zone Process
4 Multi-crystalline Silicon (MS-Si) Production Processes
4.1 String Ribbon Process
4.2 Ribbon Growth Technique
4.3 Comparison Between Bulk Process and Ribbon Growth
5 Silicon Post-processing
References
4 Solar Grade Silicon Feedstock Properties
Abstract
1 Introduction to Energy Bandgap
1.1 Shockley-Queisser Limit
1.2 Bandgap and Semiconductors
2 Physical Properties of Silicon
2.1 Effect of Doping on Silicon Properties
3 Chemical Properties of Silicon
4 Photovoltaic Primer
4.1 n-Type Versus p-Type
4.2 Equivalent Circuits
4.3 Performance Calculations
5 Generation and Recombination
5.1 Unavoidable Recombination
5.2 Avoidable Recombination
References
5 Manufacturing of Silicon Solar Cells and Modules
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Silicon Bulk Properties
2.1 Bandgap Selection and Tuning
2.2 Carrier Concentration
2.3 Recombination
2.4 Electron Mobility
2.5 Surface Contacts
3 Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
3.1 Cell Contact Design
3.2 PERL and Commercial Cells
4 Conventional Solar Cell Manufacturing
4.1 Substrate Selection
4.2 Doping Level and Type
4.3 Cell Thickness
4.4 Front Surface
4.5 Homogenous Emitters
4.6 Heterojunction Solar Cell Structure
5 Industrial Cells
5.1 Back Surface Field
5.2 Cell Size Effects
5.3 Cell Optics
5.4 Texturing of Cell Surface
5.5 Light Trapping
6 Module Manufacturing Processes Overview
6.1 Starting Materials and Processes
6.2 Saw Damage Removal
6.3 Texturing
6.3.1 Chemical Texturing
6.3.2 Plasma Texturing
6.3.3 Mechanical Texturing
6.4 Phosphorus Diffusion
6.4.1 Quartz Furnace
6.4.2 Belt Furnace
7 Cell Optical Enhancements
7.1 Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD)
7.2 Direct PECVD
7.3 Remote PECVD
7.4 Sputtering Techniques
8 Front Contact Print and Dry
8.1 Screen Printing
8.1.1 Screen Printing Process
8.1.2 Paste Properties
8.1.3 Process Parameters
9 Back Surface Field Deposition
Foreword
Preface
Contents
List of Figures
1 Introduction to Photovoltaic Cell Manufacturing
Abstract
1 Introduction to Solar Photovoltaics Manufacturing
References
2 First-Generation Photovoltaics: History and Conventional Manufacturing
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 PV Technologies Introduction and Proliferation
3 History of Manufacturing Technology
4 Harmonizing Materials and Manufacturing Processes
5 Life Cycle Analysis of Photovoltaic Technologies
5.1 PV Systems Components and Technologies-To-Be-Analyzed
5.2 Energy Impact and Emissions of Silicon Solar PV Technologies
References
3 Silicon Feedstock and Ultra-Refinement
Abstract
1 The Carbothermal Refinement Process
2 Silicon Ultra-Refinement
2.1 Siemens Process
2.2 Fluidized Bed Reactor Process
3 Monocrystalline Silicon Production
3.1 The Czochralski Process
3.2 Float Zone Process
4 Multi-crystalline Silicon (MS-Si) Production Processes
4.1 String Ribbon Process
4.2 Ribbon Growth Technique
4.3 Comparison Between Bulk Process and Ribbon Growth
5 Silicon Post-processing
References
4 Solar Grade Silicon Feedstock Properties
Abstract
1 Introduction to Energy Bandgap
1.1 Shockley-Queisser Limit
1.2 Bandgap and Semiconductors
2 Physical Properties of Silicon
2.1 Effect of Doping on Silicon Properties
3 Chemical Properties of Silicon
4 Photovoltaic Primer
4.1 n-Type Versus p-Type
4.2 Equivalent Circuits
4.3 Performance Calculations
5 Generation and Recombination
5.1 Unavoidable Recombination
5.2 Avoidable Recombination
References
5 Manufacturing of Silicon Solar Cells and Modules
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Silicon Bulk Properties
2.1 Bandgap Selection and Tuning
2.2 Carrier Concentration
2.3 Recombination
2.4 Electron Mobility
2.5 Surface Contacts
3 Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
3.1 Cell Contact Design
3.2 PERL and Commercial Cells
4 Conventional Solar Cell Manufacturing
4.1 Substrate Selection
4.2 Doping Level and Type
4.3 Cell Thickness
4.4 Front Surface
4.5 Homogenous Emitters
4.6 Heterojunction Solar Cell Structure
5 Industrial Cells
5.1 Back Surface Field
5.2 Cell Size Effects
5.3 Cell Optics
5.4 Texturing of Cell Surface
5.5 Light Trapping
6 Module Manufacturing Processes Overview
6.1 Starting Materials and Processes
6.2 Saw Damage Removal
6.3 Texturing
6.3.1 Chemical Texturing
6.3.2 Plasma Texturing
6.3.3 Mechanical Texturing
6.4 Phosphorus Diffusion
6.4.1 Quartz Furnace
6.4.2 Belt Furnace
7 Cell Optical Enhancements
7.1 Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD)
7.2 Direct PECVD
7.3 Remote PECVD
7.4 Sputtering Techniques
8 Front Contact Print and Dry
8.1 Screen Printing
8.1.1 Screen Printing Process
8.1.2 Paste Properties
8.1.3 Process Parameters
9 Back Surface Field Deposition