Intro
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Basics of Modern Computer Systems
1 Computer Generations
1.1 First Generation: Vacuum Tubes
1.2 Second Generation: Transistors
1.3 Third Generation: Integrated Circuits
1.4 Fourth Generation: Microprocessors
2 Attributes of a Modern-Day Computer
2.1 Speed and Accuracy
2.2 Diligence
2.3 Storage Capability and Versatility
3 Computer Hardware Basics
3.1 Central Processing Unit
3.2 Instruction Cycle
3.3 Functional Units
3.3.1 Input Unit
3.3.2 Memory Unit

3.4 Memory Hierarchy in Computer Systems (Fig. 1)
3.4.1 Arithmetic and Logic Unit
3.4.2 Output Unit
3.4.3 Control Unit
3.5 Hardware Connections
3.6 Computer Networking
3.6.1 Local Area Network (LAN)
3.6.2 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
3.6.3 Campus Area Network (CAN)
3.6.4 Wide Area Network (WAN)
3.6.5 Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
3.6.6 Intranet: A Secure Internet-Like Network for Organizations
3.6.7 Extranet: A Secure Means for Sharing Information with Partners
3.6.8 Networking Relationship
3.7 Topologies
4 Operating Systems

4.1 Services and Facilities
4.2 Modes of CPU Operation
4.2.1 User Mode
4.2.2 Kernel Mode
4.3 Structure of an OS
4.4 Input/Output Services
4.5 Process Control Management
4.6 Memory Management
4.7 Scheduling and Dispatch
4.8 Secondary Storage Management
4.9 Network and Communications Support Services
4.10 Security and Protection Services
5 Files and Directories
5.1 File Management
5.2 File Access Method
5.2.1 Sequential Access
5.2.2 Direct/Relative Access
5.3 Directories
5.4 Operations Performed on a Directory
5.5 File Sharing

5.6 File Protection
6 Programs and Shells
6.1 Programs
6.2 Shells
7 Programming Languages
7.1 Types
7.2 Compiler vs Interpreter
8 Troubleshooting Computer Problems
8.1 Resources
8.1.1 Google
8.1.2 Webopedia
References
The Python Programming Language
1 Short History
2 The Python Interpreter
3 Basic Syntax
3.1 Python Identifiers
3.2 Variables
3.3 Keywords
3.4 Indentation
3.5 Basic Operators
3.5.1 Arithmetic Operators
3.5.2 Assignment Operators
3.5.3 Comparison/Relational Operators
3.5.4 Logical Operators

3.5.5 Identity Operators
3.5.6 Membership Operators
3.5.7 Bitwise Operators
3.6 Comments
3.6.1 Single Line Comment
3.6.2 Multiline Comments
3.7 Data Types
3.7.1 None
3.7.2 Boolean
3.7.3 Integers
3.7.4 Float
3.7.5 String
3.7.6 List
3.7.7 Tuple
3.7.8 Dictionary
3.7.9 Sets
3.8 Type Casting
3.8.1 int()
3.8.2 float()
3.8.3 str()
3.9 Escape Characters
3.9.1 \n (Prints a newline)
3.9.2 \cr (Prints the backslash character itself)
3.9.3 \ ́́(Prints quotes, so that the quotes does not signal the end of the string)