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Table of Contents
Intro
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Chapter 1: The Human Locomotor System: Physiological and Technological Foundations
Introduction to the Human Locomotor System
Physical Aspects of the Human Locomotor System
The Human Skeleton: Planes of Reference and Directional Terms
Forces in the Musculoskeletal System
Biomechanics of the Locomotor System
Body Planes
Joints
Fibrous Joints
Cartilaginous Joints
Synovial Joints
Movable Joints
Categories of Synovial Joints
Planar Joints
Hinge Joint
Pivot Joint
Condyloid Joint
Saddle Joints
Ball-and-Socket Joints
Mapping Between Upper and Lower Limb Joints
Dynamics of the Upper Extremity
Joints of the Elbow
Wrist Joint
The Lower Extremity
Human Hip Joint
Surrounding Musculature
Knee Joint
Foot and Ankle
Ankle Joint (Talocrural Joint)
Anatomy of the Talocrural Joint (Ankle Joint)
Anatomy of the Subtalar Joint (Tolocalcaneal Joint)
Anatomy of the Midtarsal Joint
Anatomy of the Tarsometatarsal (TMT) Joint Complex
Anatomy of the Metatarsophalangeal (MTP) Joints and Interphalangeal (IP) Joints
The Foot (Categories)
Forefoot
Midfoot
Hindfoot
Muscles Controlling Foot Movements
Foot-Aided Tendons
Primary Ligaments of the Foot
Muscle Physiology of the Human Locomotor System
Physiology of Muscle Activation and Electromyography
Contribution of Muscle to Motion Control
Muscle as a Smart Material with Intrinsic Self-Stabilizing Properties
Cerebral Blood Flow in the Human Locomotor System
Fractal Dynamics in the Human Locomotor System
Perceptual and Feedback: Somatosensory System in the Human Locomotor System
Somatosensory System
Somatosensory Afferents Convey Information from the Skin Surface to Central Circuits
Significance of the Somatosensory System
Information Acquisition Through Proprioception
Exteroception
Information Acquisition Through Exteroception and Interoception
Systems Analysis Approach in Human Locomotor System
The Vestibular System
The Joint Angle Sense (Proprioception)
The Visual Orientation Cues
The Somatosensory Plantar Pressure Receptors
Data Acquisition in Human Locomotor System
Data Acquisition: The Vestibular System
Data Acquisition: The Joint Angle Sensor
Data Acquisition: The Force/Torque Sensor
Data Acquisition: The Psychophysical Evidence for Sensor Concept
The Meta Level Concept
Postural Reflex Concept
Posture-Movement Problem
The Nervous System (CNS, PNS)
The Brain (Cerebral Cortex)
Spinal Cord and Nerves
The Motor System of the Human Body
Important Functions of the Cerebellum
The Motor Cortex
Motor Aspects of the Human Locomotor System
References
Suggested Reading
Chapter 2: Significance in the Understanding of the Human Locomotor System
Introduction
The Human Locomotor System
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Chapter 1: The Human Locomotor System: Physiological and Technological Foundations
Introduction to the Human Locomotor System
Physical Aspects of the Human Locomotor System
The Human Skeleton: Planes of Reference and Directional Terms
Forces in the Musculoskeletal System
Biomechanics of the Locomotor System
Body Planes
Joints
Fibrous Joints
Cartilaginous Joints
Synovial Joints
Movable Joints
Categories of Synovial Joints
Planar Joints
Hinge Joint
Pivot Joint
Condyloid Joint
Saddle Joints
Ball-and-Socket Joints
Mapping Between Upper and Lower Limb Joints
Dynamics of the Upper Extremity
Joints of the Elbow
Wrist Joint
The Lower Extremity
Human Hip Joint
Surrounding Musculature
Knee Joint
Foot and Ankle
Ankle Joint (Talocrural Joint)
Anatomy of the Talocrural Joint (Ankle Joint)
Anatomy of the Subtalar Joint (Tolocalcaneal Joint)
Anatomy of the Midtarsal Joint
Anatomy of the Tarsometatarsal (TMT) Joint Complex
Anatomy of the Metatarsophalangeal (MTP) Joints and Interphalangeal (IP) Joints
The Foot (Categories)
Forefoot
Midfoot
Hindfoot
Muscles Controlling Foot Movements
Foot-Aided Tendons
Primary Ligaments of the Foot
Muscle Physiology of the Human Locomotor System
Physiology of Muscle Activation and Electromyography
Contribution of Muscle to Motion Control
Muscle as a Smart Material with Intrinsic Self-Stabilizing Properties
Cerebral Blood Flow in the Human Locomotor System
Fractal Dynamics in the Human Locomotor System
Perceptual and Feedback: Somatosensory System in the Human Locomotor System
Somatosensory System
Somatosensory Afferents Convey Information from the Skin Surface to Central Circuits
Significance of the Somatosensory System
Information Acquisition Through Proprioception
Exteroception
Information Acquisition Through Exteroception and Interoception
Systems Analysis Approach in Human Locomotor System
The Vestibular System
The Joint Angle Sense (Proprioception)
The Visual Orientation Cues
The Somatosensory Plantar Pressure Receptors
Data Acquisition in Human Locomotor System
Data Acquisition: The Vestibular System
Data Acquisition: The Joint Angle Sensor
Data Acquisition: The Force/Torque Sensor
Data Acquisition: The Psychophysical Evidence for Sensor Concept
The Meta Level Concept
Postural Reflex Concept
Posture-Movement Problem
The Nervous System (CNS, PNS)
The Brain (Cerebral Cortex)
Spinal Cord and Nerves
The Motor System of the Human Body
Important Functions of the Cerebellum
The Motor Cortex
Motor Aspects of the Human Locomotor System
References
Suggested Reading
Chapter 2: Significance in the Understanding of the Human Locomotor System
Introduction
The Human Locomotor System