Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 Bone Microenvironment
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Cell Types
1.1.1.1 Genuine Bone Cells
1.1.1.2 Chondral-Lineage Cells
1.1.1.3 Adipocytes
1.1.1.4 Cells of the Hematopoietic Systems
1.1.1.5 Cells of the Immune Systems
1.1.2 Extracellular Matrix
1.1.2.1 Inorganic ECM
1.1.2.2 Organic ECM
1.2 Bone Microenvironment and Diseases
1.2.1 Bone Microenvironment in Osteoporosis
1.2.1.1 Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BMSCs) and Osteoporosis
1.2.1.2 Osteoblasts and Osteoporosis
1.2.1.3 Osteoclasts and Osteoporosis
1.2.1.4 Bone Marrow Adipocytes (BMAs) and Osteoporosis
1.2.2 Bone Microenvironment in Osteoarthritis
1.2.2.1 Subchondral Bone and Osteoarthritis
1.2.2.2 Cartilage and Osteoarthritis
1.2.3 Bone Microenvironment in Fracture
1.2.3.1 Cells in Bone Microenvironment
1.2.3.2 Molecular Components in Bone Microenvironment
1.2.4 Bone Microenvironment in Osteosarcoma (OS)
1.2.4.1 Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) and OS Metastasis
1.2.4.2 Effect of Hypoxia Environment on OS Metastasis
1.2.4.3 Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) in the Tumor Microenvironment
1.3 Biomaterials and Bone Microenvironment
1.3.1 Biomaterials and Bone Cells
1.3.2 Biomaterials and Bone Hematopoietic System
1.3.3 Biomaterials and Bone Immune System
References
Chapter 2 Materiobiological Effects Regulate the Bone Microenvironment
2.1 Bioactive Components Influence the Bone Microenvironment
2.1.1 Active Radicals
2.1.2 Growth Factors
2.1.3 Inorganic Ions
2.2 Physicochemical Property Influence the Bone Microenvironment
2.2.1 Surface Charge
2.2.2 Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Property
2.2.3 Biodegradability
2.2.4 Mechanical Property
2.2.5 Micro-Nano Structure
References.

Chapter 3 Design and Application of Biomaterials to Regulate Microenvironment for Bone Regeneration
3.1 Natural Biomaterials for Bone Microenvironment Regulation
3.1.1 Proteins
3.1.1.1 Collagen
3.1.1.2 Gelatin
3.1.1.3 Silk Fibroin
3.1.1.4 Enzymes
3.1.2 Polysaccharide
3.1.2.1 Alginate
3.1.2.2 Chitin
3.1.2.3 Hyaluronic Acid (HA)
3.1.3 Inorganic Materials
3.1.4 Others
3.1.4.1 Cells
3.1.4.2 Cell Membranes
3.1.4.3 Extracellular Vesicles (EVs)
3.1.4.4 Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP)
3.2 Synthetic Biomaterials for Bone Microenvironment Regulation
3.2.1 Metal-Based Materials
3.2.1.1 Immune Response Influenced by Ti-Based Implants
3.2.1.2 Aseptic Loosening of Ti-Based Implants
3.2.2 Bioactive Ceramics
3.2.2.1 Bioactive Ion Regulation
3.2.2.2 Surface Topography Regulation
3.2.3 Organic Polymers
3.2.3.1 Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE)
3.2.3.2 Polylactic Acid (PLA) and its Copolymers
3.2.3.3 Delivering Bioactive Factors through Polymers
3.2.4 Composite Materials
References
Chapter 4 Fabrication Technologies of Biomaterials
4.1 Fabrication Technologies of Biomaterials
4.1.1 Electrospinning Method
4.1.2 Three-Dimensional (3D) Printing Technology
4.1.3 Porogen-Based Method
4.2 Fabrication Technologies of Hydrogels
4.2.1 Physical Crosslinking
4.2.1.1 Ionic Interactions
4.2.1.2 Hydrophobic Interactions
4.2.1.3 Other Interactions
4.2.2 Chemical Crosslinked Hydrogels
4.2.2.1 Small Molecule Agents
4.2.2.2 Photo-Crosslinked Hydrogels
4.2.2.3 Enzyme-Induced Hydrogels
4.3 Fabrication Technologies of Other Biomaterials
References
Chapter 5 Mechanisms for Biomaterials Reconstruct Microenvironment in Bone Regeneration
5.1 Mechanical Support Effect
5.1.1 Mechanical Properties of Matrix and Hydrogel.

5.1.2 Mechanical Properties of the Substrate
5.2 Redox Effect
5.2.1 Polyphenols
5.2.2 Smart Biomaterials
5.2.3 Molecular Medicine
5.3 Pro- angiogenesis Effect
5.3.1 Angiogenic Growth Factors in Pre-clinical/Clinical Trials
5.3.1.1 Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)
5.3.1.2 Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 (FGF-2)
5.3.1.3 Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF)
5.3.1.4 Placental Growth Factor (PlGF)
5.3.1.5 Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF)
5.3.1.6 Sonic Hedgehog (SHH)
5.3.1.7 Angiopoietins (Ang)
5.3.2 Delivery of Growth Factors
5.3.2.1 Physical Entrapment
5.3.2.2 Covalent Binding
5.3.2.3 Affinity Binding
5.3.2.4 Microparticles and Nanoparticles
5.4 Inflammatory Immune Effect
5.4.1 Physical Properties
5.4.2 Chemical Properties
5.5 Anti-Aging Effect
5.5.1 Mechanical Loading
5.5.2 Targeting Osteocyte Senescence with Exercise
References
Chapter 6 Biomaterials Regulating Bone Microenvironment in Clinical Application
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Autogenous Bone Remodeling
6.3 Allogeneic Bone Regeneration
6.4 Clinical Effect of Biomaterials
6.4.1 Bone tissue engineering
6.5 Clinical Challenges and Opportunities
References
Chapter 7 Conclusions and Perspectives
7.1 Bone Microenvironment Under Physiological and Pathological Conditions
7.1.1 Microenvironment in Osteoporosis
7.1.2 Microenvironment in Osteoarthritis
7.1.3 Microenvironment in Fracture Site
7.1.4 Microenvironment in Osteosarcoma
7.2 Biological Effects Under Modulation of Materials
7.2.1 Physiochemical Properties
7.2.2 Bioactive Components
7.2.3 Micro-Nano Structure
7.3 Design and Application of Biomaterials in Bone Regeneration
7.3.1 Natural Components for Bone Metabolism
7.3.2 Synthetic Biomaterials
7.4 Fabrication Technologies
7.4.1 For Scaffolds.

7.4.2 For Hydrogels
7.5 Microenvironment Under Biomaterial Regulation
7.5.1 Mechanical Support
7.5.2 Redox Effect
7.5.3 Promoting Vascularization
7.5.4 Inflammatory and Senescence Modulation
7.6 Biomaterials in Clinical Experience
7.6.1 Autogenous and Allogeneic Grafts
7.6.2 Biomaterials
7.6.3 Challenges and Opportunities
Index
EULA.