Intro
Introduction
Contents
Chapter 1: The Planets of the Sun
Characteristics of Venus
Characteristics of Mercury
Bibliography
Chapter 2: Launch Vehicles for Planetary Spacecraft
Early Soviet Union Space Programs
Soviet Union Launch Site for Early Planetary Spacecraft
Soviet Union Launch Vehicles for Early Planetary Spacecraft
Soyuz-Molniya 8 K78 Lunch Vehicle
Molniya 8K78M Launch Vehicle
Proton-K Launch Vehicle
Early United States Space Programs
United States Launch Sites for Early Planetary Spacecraft

United States Launch Vehicles for Planetary Spacecraft
Atlas-Agena Launch Vehicles
Atlas-Centaur Launch Vehicles
Titan III/Centaur Launch Vehicles
Space Shuttle Launch Vehicle
Delta II Launch Vehicle
Falcon 9 Launch Vehicle
Japanese Launch Vehicle for Akatsuki Spacecraft to Venus
Tanegashima Space Center
European Space Agency (ESA) Launch Vehicle Soyuz-Fregat
Soyuz-FG Launch Vehicle
Fregat Upper Stage
Bibliography
Chapter 3: Soviet Union Spacecraft That Explored Venus 1960-1980
1VA Spacecraft (Sputnik 7 and Venera 1)
Flight of the 1VA Spacecraft

2MV Spacecraft
2MV-1 Spacecraft
2MV Bus
2MV-1 Landing Capsule
2MV-2 Spacecraft
Flights of the 2MV-1 and 2MV-2 Spacecraft
3MV Spacecraft (Venera 2 and Venera 3)
Background of 3MV Spacecraft
3MV-1 Spacecraft
3MV Bus
Landing Capsule
Repurposed Spacecraft Originally Planned for Mars
Flights of the 3MV Spacecraft to Venus
V-67 Spacecraft (Venera 4)
Design of V-67 Spacecraft
Landing Capsule
Flights of the V-67 Spacecraft
Venera 4
Kosmos 167
V-69 Spacecraft (Venera 5 and Venera 6)
Design of V-69 Spacecraft
Flight of the V-69 Spacecraft

Venera 5
Venera 6
V-70 Spacecraft (Venera 7)
Flight of the V-70 Spacecraft Venera 7
Kosmos 359
V-72 Spacecraft (Venera 8)
Bus
Landing Capsule
Flight of V-72 Spacecraft Venera 8
4V-1 Spacecraft (Venera 9 and Venera 10)
Bus Obiter
Experiments on the Bus
4V-1 Lander
Lander Experiments
Flight of 4V-1 Spacecraft Venera 9 and Venera 10
Venera 9
Venera 10
Experiments Conducted by the Landers
Operation of the Orbiter
4V-1 Spacecraft, Venera 11 and Venera 12
Flights of 4V-1 Spacecraft Venera 11 and Venera 12
Venera 11
Venera 12

Lander Operations
Color Cameras
Mass Spectrometer
Gas Chromatograph (Sigma)
X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer
Low Frequency Radio Sensor (GROZA)
Penetrometer (PROP-V)
Bus
SIGNE 2 Gamma-ray Burst Detector
KONUS Gamma-ray Burst Detector
Bibliography
Chapter 4: U.S. Spacecraft that Explored Venus 1960-1980
Mariner R Spacecraft (Mariner 1 and Mariner 2)
Mechanical Configuration
Mariner R Systems
Spacecraft Power
Central Computer and Sequencer
Attitude Control System
Midcourse Correction Rocket Engine
Telecommunications Subsystem