Intro
Preface
Contents
Abbreviations
Part I: NIV and ARF: Overview, Transmission and Physiopathology, Equipment and Technologies
ARF Mechanical Ventilation and History in Pandemics
Introduction
Spanish Flu
Polio
Ebola
Future Perspectives and Conclusions
Conclusion
References
Hospital Organizations
Introduction
Organization
Laboratory and Diagnostic Imaging Services
Triage
Infection Control
Healthcare Workers
Recent TFMCC Recommendations for Staff Organization
Increasing ICU Bed Capacity
Management of Respiratory Failure
Maximize the Available Supply
Other Potential Solutions for Mechanical Ventilator Shortages
Conclusions
References
Noninvasive Ventilation in Patients with Infectious Diseases in the Emergency Room
Introduction
Is the NIV the First Option in Infectious Disease Patients?
NIV during the Influenza A (H1N1) Pandemic
NIV during the COVID-19 Pandemic
NIV and Immunodeficient Patient
Safety of Healthcare Professionals
References
Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation After Chemical Disasters
Introduction
Analysis of Main Topics and Discussion
Nerve Agents
Vesicants
Cyanide
Pulmonary Agents
Riot Control Agents
Irritant Fume Exposure
Role of Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation
Conclusion
References
Noninvasive Ventilation in Patients with Infectious Diseases Outside Intensive Care Unit
Introduction
The Necessity of Setting outside the ICU during a Pandemic
The Negative Pressure Rooms
Implications for Healthcare Worker
The Use of NIV in General Ward and Sub-Intensive Unit
Conclusion
References
Organization of a Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation Unit for Immunocompromised Patients
Introduction
Immunocompromised Scenarios
Contraindications of NIV.

Hospital Resources Required for NIV
Personnel Responsible for NIV
Training
Monitoring of NIV
Administrative Participation
References
Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome During Intubation and Mechanical Ventilation
Introduction
Contamination Risk During Oxygen Therapy
Nasal Cannula and Oronasal Masks
Nebulizers, NIV, and HFNC
Contamination Risk During Invasive Ventilation
Contamination Risk During ECMO
Intubation-Related Contamination Risk
Healthcare Workers' Protective Equipment
Summary
References
The Rationale of Acute Respiratory Failure in High-Risk Infections
Introduction
High-Flow Nasal Oxygen (HFNC)
Use of HFNC Combined with Prone Positioning
Noninvasive Ventilation
Interface
Efficacy of NIV in Pulmonary Infections and Pandemics NIV in SARS
NIV in Influenza A H1N1 Infection
Tuberculosis
COVID-19
Aerosol Droplet Dispersion and Infection Risk Spread with NIV
High-Risk Infections and Healthcare Worker Protocols
Oxygen Therapy
Invasive Ventilation
Conclusion
References
Rationale of ARF Approach in Mass Causalities
Introduction
Discussion: Analysis
Conclusion
References
NIV-Pathophysiology-High-Risk Infection, Microbiology
Introduction
Discussion
References
Nasal High-Flow Oxygen Equipment
Introduction
HFNC: Accessories and Setting Up
Temperature Setting
Flow Rate Setting
Oxygen Setting
Monitoring
Bioaerosol Dispersion and Safe Distance During HFNC in Mass Infections
The Rationale for the Use of HFNC
Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure (AHRF)
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
Chronic Airway Disease
Avoidance of Intubation
HFNC and Preoxygenation
NFNC in the Post-Extubation
Palliative Care
HFNC Use in COVID-19 Patients
Conclusion
References.

NIV-CPAP Systems
Introduction
The History of NIV
CPAP: Physiology
Indications and Contraindications
Equipment and Mask Interface
Clinical Significance
Conclusion
References
NIV in High-Risk Infections, Mass Casualty, and Pandemics: What Interface?
Introduction
General Features of NIV Interface/Interface Choice Based on Type of Ventilator
Vented Mask
Non-vented Mask
NIV Interface and Potential Aerosol Production
Requisite for Ideal NIV Interface During High-Risk Airborne Infections
Types of Interfaces for NIV in High-Risk Infection Mass Casualties and Pandemics
Total Face Mask or Full-Face Mask
Helmets
Standard Face Mask/Oronasal Mask
Prevention and Management of Interface-Related Complications During High-Risk Airborne Infections
Air Leaks
Facial Skin Irritation or Pressure Sores
Oral or Nasal Dryness
Interface and Patient-Ventilator Asynchrony
Conclusion
References
NIV: Noninvasive Ventilation via Different Face Masks/Helmets
Introduction
History of Helmet Interface
Bench Studies of Helmet Interface
Helmet Interface in Pandemics
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV, 2002-2003)
Influenza A Virus (H1N1, 2009-2010)
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV, 2012)
Coronavirus Disease 2019/COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2, 2019)
References
Humidification and Aerosol Therapy During Non-Invasive Ventilation
Introduction
Physiological Concepts
Humidification Devices
Humidification Settings
Factors That Effect Humidification
Infection Control
Pressure Ulcer
Aerosol Delivery
Conclusion
Aerosol Therapy
Introduction
Types of Aerosol Therapy
Factors Determining the Delivery
Optimum Position of Device
Device
Ventilator Settings
Nebulization Mode
Humidification and Aerosol Delivery
Conclusion.

Noninvasive Ventilation in Legionnaires' Disease
Introduction
Treatment
NIMV in Legionnaires' Disease
References
NIV in Tuberculosis
Introduction
Tuberculosis in Intensive Care Unit
Noninvasive Ventilation in Tuberculosis
Infection Control in the Intensive Care Unit
Conclusion
References
Infant Nasal Bubble Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) in Resource-Limited Settings
Introduction
Patient Selection
General Indications
Other Medical Considerations
Age Recommendations
Equipment and Design
Supportive Care
Weaning or Discontinuation of Bubble CPAP
Facility Considerations
Conclusions
References
Part III: High Risk Infections in Pediatrics and Newborns
NIV-Nasal High Flow in High-Risk Pediatric Neonatology
Introduction
NIV in Newborns with Respiratory Distress
The Type of NIV Methods
Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (NCPAP)
Nasal Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation (NIPPV)
Heated Humidified High-Flow Nasal Oxygen Therapy (HHHFNOT)
Nasal High-Frequency Oscillator Ventilation (NHFOV)
NIV in Newborns During a Pandemic
Neonatal Cases in 2009 H1N1 Pandemic, 2012 SARS Outbreak, and COVID-19 Pandemic
Conclusion
References
NIV-Nasal High Flow in High-Risk Pediatric Infections
Introduction
Mechanism of Action of HFNO Therapy
Recommended Flow Setting and Cannula Size for HFNO Therapy in Pediatric Patients
HFNO Versus Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) in Pediatric Sepsis
Safety Issues in Pediatric Patients
Conclusion
References
Part IV: NIV Guidelines, Protocols and Outcome, Strategies to Control Infections in Hospitals
Guidelines and Protocol
Introduction
NIV-Related Contagious Risk in Infective Diseases
What About the Risk of Transmission of Contagious During NIRT?.