Intro
Preface by Chun-Kun Park
Preface by Cheol Woong Park
Preface by Dong Hwa Heo
Preface by Hyeun Sung Kim
Preface by Kangtaek Lim
Acknowledgment
Contents
Part I: Cervical - Introduction
Anatomical Consideration of Posterior Cervical Endoscopic Approaches
1 Radiological Anatomy for Cervical Endoscopic Posterior Approach
1.1 Simple X-Ray and C-Arm Fluoroscopic Anatomy
1.2 Computed Tomography Anatomy
1.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Anatomy
2 Endoscopic Anatomy
2.1 Bony Surface Anatomy
2.2 Cervical Ligamentum Flavum

2.3 Peridural Membrane
2.4 Cervical Dura and Nerve Root
2.5 Axillar and Pedicle Area
3 Conclusion
References
Prevention of Complications
1 Introduction
1.1 Cervical Endoscopic Decompression and Discectomy
1.2 Anatomical Landmarks
1.3 Learning Curve
2 Anterior Endoscopic Cervical Discectomy
2.1 Anatomical Consideration before AECD
2.2 Prevention of Disc Height Reduction
2.3 AECD-Specific Instruments Are Required
3 Posterior Endoscopic Cervical Foraminotomy and Discectomy
3.1 Incomplete Decompression
3.2 Dural Injury

3.3 Postoperative Dysesthesia and Injuries to Nerve Roots or the Spinal Cord
3.4 Hematoma
3.5 Persistent Neck Pain and Surgically Induced Instability
4 How to Avoid Complications in Endoscopic Spine Surgery
5 Conclusion
References
Part II: Cervical - Uniportal
Uniportal Cervical Posterior Foraminotomy and Discectomy
1 Advantages of this Approach
2 Indications and Contraindications
3 Anesthesia and Position
4 Special Instruments (Fig. 2)
5 Procedures
5.1 Preoperative Targeting By Needle and Skin Incision

5.2 Sequential Dilation and Working Cannula Insertion (Fig. 4)
5.3 Confirmation of Anatomical Landmark (V Point) (Fig. 5)
5.4 Circumferential Decompression
5.5 The Removal of a Lateral Part of LF, Soft-Tissue Dissection, and Adhesiolysis Around the Exiting Root
5.6 Additional Decompression (Discectomy, Foraminotomy, or Pediculotomy) and Confirmation of the Decompressed Exiting Root
5.7 Hemostasis and Closure
6 Illustrated Cases
6.1 Case 1: Paracentral Disc Herniation
6.2 Case 2: Foraminal Stenosis
6.3 Case 3: Bilevel Foraminal Decompression

7 Prevention and Management of Complications
8 Discussion (Surgical Tips and Pitfalls)
References
Cervical Multilevel Foraminotomy Using Single Incision
1 Advantages of this Approach (Introduction)
2 Indications and Contraindications
3 Anesthesia and Position
4 Special Instrument
5 Procedures
6 Illustrated Cases
7 Prevention and Management of Complications
8 Discussion
References
Posterior Full Endoscopic Cervical Foraminotomy and Discectomy Using the Partial Pediculotomy and Partial Vertebrectomy
1 Advantages of This Approach