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Table of Contents
Intro
Preface
Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 High Pressure and Nature
1.2 High Pressure Through Time
1.3 Why High Pressure for Products Design
1.4 Summary
References
2 What Are Supercritical Fluids?
2.1 Definition of Supercritical Fluids
2.2 Thermodynamic Properties of Supercritical Fluids
2.2.1 Phase Equilibria
2.3 Mass and Heat Transport Properties of Supercritical Fluids
2.3.1 Mass Transfer
2.3.2 Heat Transfer
2.4 Examples: Experimental Techniques for Determination of Thermodynamic Properties
2.4.1 Phase Equilibria-Static Method
2.4.2 Modified Capillary Method for Determination of Melting Points
2.4.3 External Balance Method for Determination of Diffusion Coefficients
2.4.4 Gravimetric Methods for Diffusion Coefficients, Density and Solubility of Gas by Magnetic Suspension Balance (MSB)
2.4.5 Viscosity Measurements in High-Pressure View Cell
2.4.6 Density of Measurements by High-Pressure Vibration Tube Densitometer
2.4.7 Capillary Rise Method for Determination of Interfacial Tension
2.4.8 Transport Properties from Drop Geometry in Dense Fluid
References
3 Industrial Scale Applications: Physical-Based Processes
3.1 Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Fractionation from Solid and Liquid Materials
3.1.1 Thermodynamic Fundamentals of Extraction Processes
3.1.2 Solid-Supercritical Fluid Equilibrium
3.1.3 Liquid-Supercritical Fluid Equilibrium
3.1.4 Cycle Processes for Extraction Using Supercritical Fluids
3.1.5 Separation of Solute in Extraction Processes Using SCF
3.1.6 Basic Design Considerations of Extraction Plants for Solids
3.1.7 Supercritical Fluids Extraction at Ultra-High Pressure
3.1.8 Extraction of Solids Using SCF-Industrial Scale Units
3.1.9 Design of Extraction Plant for Liquids
3.1.10 Extraction of Liquids Using SCF-Industrial Scale Units
3.1.11 Conclusion
3.2 High Pressure Polymer Processing
3.2.1 Polymer Particles
3.2.2 Polymer Foaming with Subcritical or Supercritical Fluids
References
4 Industrial Scale Applications: Reaction-Based Processes
4.1 Chemical and Biochemical Reactions in SCFs
4.2 Chemical Reactions in SCFs
4.2.1 Polymerization and Depolymerization
4.2.2 Carbonylation
4.2.3 Oxidation
4.2.4 Hydrogenation
4.2.5 Hydroformylation
4.2.6 Hydrothermal Synthesis
4.2.7 Advantages on Using SCFs as Media for Chemical Reactions
4.3 Biochemical Reactions in SCFs
4.3.1 Influence of SCFs on Enzyme Activity and Stability
4.3.2 Enzyme-Catalysed Polymerization in SCFs
4.3.3 Reactors for Enzyme-Catalysed Processes Under High Pressure
4.3.4 Investigations to Perform Biochemical Reaction in High Pressure Batch Stirred Tank Rector-HP BSTR
4.4 Conclusions
4.4.1 Enzyme-Catalysed Synthesis of Biodiesel and Lignocellulosic Biomass Bioconversion in SCFs
Preface
Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 High Pressure and Nature
1.2 High Pressure Through Time
1.3 Why High Pressure for Products Design
1.4 Summary
References
2 What Are Supercritical Fluids?
2.1 Definition of Supercritical Fluids
2.2 Thermodynamic Properties of Supercritical Fluids
2.2.1 Phase Equilibria
2.3 Mass and Heat Transport Properties of Supercritical Fluids
2.3.1 Mass Transfer
2.3.2 Heat Transfer
2.4 Examples: Experimental Techniques for Determination of Thermodynamic Properties
2.4.1 Phase Equilibria-Static Method
2.4.2 Modified Capillary Method for Determination of Melting Points
2.4.3 External Balance Method for Determination of Diffusion Coefficients
2.4.4 Gravimetric Methods for Diffusion Coefficients, Density and Solubility of Gas by Magnetic Suspension Balance (MSB)
2.4.5 Viscosity Measurements in High-Pressure View Cell
2.4.6 Density of Measurements by High-Pressure Vibration Tube Densitometer
2.4.7 Capillary Rise Method for Determination of Interfacial Tension
2.4.8 Transport Properties from Drop Geometry in Dense Fluid
References
3 Industrial Scale Applications: Physical-Based Processes
3.1 Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Fractionation from Solid and Liquid Materials
3.1.1 Thermodynamic Fundamentals of Extraction Processes
3.1.2 Solid-Supercritical Fluid Equilibrium
3.1.3 Liquid-Supercritical Fluid Equilibrium
3.1.4 Cycle Processes for Extraction Using Supercritical Fluids
3.1.5 Separation of Solute in Extraction Processes Using SCF
3.1.6 Basic Design Considerations of Extraction Plants for Solids
3.1.7 Supercritical Fluids Extraction at Ultra-High Pressure
3.1.8 Extraction of Solids Using SCF-Industrial Scale Units
3.1.9 Design of Extraction Plant for Liquids
3.1.10 Extraction of Liquids Using SCF-Industrial Scale Units
3.1.11 Conclusion
3.2 High Pressure Polymer Processing
3.2.1 Polymer Particles
3.2.2 Polymer Foaming with Subcritical or Supercritical Fluids
References
4 Industrial Scale Applications: Reaction-Based Processes
4.1 Chemical and Biochemical Reactions in SCFs
4.2 Chemical Reactions in SCFs
4.2.1 Polymerization and Depolymerization
4.2.2 Carbonylation
4.2.3 Oxidation
4.2.4 Hydrogenation
4.2.5 Hydroformylation
4.2.6 Hydrothermal Synthesis
4.2.7 Advantages on Using SCFs as Media for Chemical Reactions
4.3 Biochemical Reactions in SCFs
4.3.1 Influence of SCFs on Enzyme Activity and Stability
4.3.2 Enzyme-Catalysed Polymerization in SCFs
4.3.3 Reactors for Enzyme-Catalysed Processes Under High Pressure
4.3.4 Investigations to Perform Biochemical Reaction in High Pressure Batch Stirred Tank Rector-HP BSTR
4.4 Conclusions
4.4.1 Enzyme-Catalysed Synthesis of Biodiesel and Lignocellulosic Biomass Bioconversion in SCFs