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Table of Contents
Intro
Foreword
Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
About the Editors
Contributors
1: Femoral Head: Anatomical Considerations
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Articular Surface (Fig. 1.2)
1.3 Structure of the Head of the Femur (Fig. 1.3)
1.4 Femoral Offset (Fig. 1.4)
1.5 Ligament of the Head of the Femur (Ligamentum Capitis Femoris) (Fig. 1.2)
1.6 Femoral Neck
1.7 Surface Landmark
1.8 Relations (Fig. 1.5a-c)
1.9 Vascular Supply (Fig. 1.6)
1.10 Nerve Supply
1.11 Development (Fig. 1.7)
1.12 Conclusion
References
2: Avascular Necrosis of the Hip: Historical Perspective
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Pathogenesis
2.3 Evolution of Classification Systems
2.4 Treatment
2.5 Preservation of the Femoral Head
2.5.1 Core Decompression
2.5.2 Grafting
2.6 Joint Reconstruction
2.7 Conclusion
References
3: Epidemiology and Risk Factors
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Epidemiology
3.3 Risk Factors for AVN Hip
3.3.1 Non-modifiable Risk Factors
3.3.1.1 Age
3.3.1.2 Genetic Predisposition
3.3.1.3 Race
3.3.2 Modifiable Risk Factors
3.3.2.1 Substance Abuse
3.3.2.2 Drug Intake
3.3.2.3 Autoimmune Disease
3.3.2.4 Trauma
3.3.2.5 Metabolic Disorders
3.3.2.6 Irradiation
3.3.2.7 Dysbaric Diseases
3.3.2.8 Hematological
3.4 Conclusion
References
4: Etiology and Pathophysiology of AVN
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Etiology of Avascular Necrosis
4.3 Blood Supply of the Femoral Head
4.4 Pathoanatomy of Traumatic AVN
4.5 Pathoanatomy of Nontraumatic AVN
4.5.1 Intravascular Changes
4.5.2 Extravascular Changes
4.6 Genetic Associations of AVN
4.7 Pathophysiology of AVN
4.7.1 Pathological Changes in Bone
4.7.2 Pathological Changes in Articular Cartilage
4.7.3 Pathological Changes in Synovium
4.8 Quantification of the Necrotic Segment
4.9 Conclusion
References
5: Clinical Features and Staging of AVN Hip
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Clinical Features
5.3 Classification Systems for AVN Hip
5.4 Ficat and Arlet Classification System [2, 10]
5.5 Association Research Circulation Osseous (ARCO) [3, 13]
5.6 Steinberg Classification (University of Pennsylvania Classification) [4, 14]
5.7 The Japanese Investigation Committee Classification [15]
5.8 Conclusion
References
6: Avascular Necrosis Hip: How to Examine a Suspected Case
6.1 History
6.2 Past Medical, Family, and Personal History
6.3 General Examination
6.4 Gait
6.5 Local Examination
6.6 Summary
References
7: AVN Hip: Radiology
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Pathophysiology
7.3 Radiological Features
7.3.1 Radiographs
7.3.2 CT
7.3.3 MRI
7.3.4 Nuclear Imaging
7.4 Predicting Subchondral Collapse
7.5 Radiological Differential Diagnosis
7.6 Summary
Foreword
Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
About the Editors
Contributors
1: Femoral Head: Anatomical Considerations
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Articular Surface (Fig. 1.2)
1.3 Structure of the Head of the Femur (Fig. 1.3)
1.4 Femoral Offset (Fig. 1.4)
1.5 Ligament of the Head of the Femur (Ligamentum Capitis Femoris) (Fig. 1.2)
1.6 Femoral Neck
1.7 Surface Landmark
1.8 Relations (Fig. 1.5a-c)
1.9 Vascular Supply (Fig. 1.6)
1.10 Nerve Supply
1.11 Development (Fig. 1.7)
1.12 Conclusion
References
2: Avascular Necrosis of the Hip: Historical Perspective
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Pathogenesis
2.3 Evolution of Classification Systems
2.4 Treatment
2.5 Preservation of the Femoral Head
2.5.1 Core Decompression
2.5.2 Grafting
2.6 Joint Reconstruction
2.7 Conclusion
References
3: Epidemiology and Risk Factors
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Epidemiology
3.3 Risk Factors for AVN Hip
3.3.1 Non-modifiable Risk Factors
3.3.1.1 Age
3.3.1.2 Genetic Predisposition
3.3.1.3 Race
3.3.2 Modifiable Risk Factors
3.3.2.1 Substance Abuse
3.3.2.2 Drug Intake
3.3.2.3 Autoimmune Disease
3.3.2.4 Trauma
3.3.2.5 Metabolic Disorders
3.3.2.6 Irradiation
3.3.2.7 Dysbaric Diseases
3.3.2.8 Hematological
3.4 Conclusion
References
4: Etiology and Pathophysiology of AVN
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Etiology of Avascular Necrosis
4.3 Blood Supply of the Femoral Head
4.4 Pathoanatomy of Traumatic AVN
4.5 Pathoanatomy of Nontraumatic AVN
4.5.1 Intravascular Changes
4.5.2 Extravascular Changes
4.6 Genetic Associations of AVN
4.7 Pathophysiology of AVN
4.7.1 Pathological Changes in Bone
4.7.2 Pathological Changes in Articular Cartilage
4.7.3 Pathological Changes in Synovium
4.8 Quantification of the Necrotic Segment
4.9 Conclusion
References
5: Clinical Features and Staging of AVN Hip
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Clinical Features
5.3 Classification Systems for AVN Hip
5.4 Ficat and Arlet Classification System [2, 10]
5.5 Association Research Circulation Osseous (ARCO) [3, 13]
5.6 Steinberg Classification (University of Pennsylvania Classification) [4, 14]
5.7 The Japanese Investigation Committee Classification [15]
5.8 Conclusion
References
6: Avascular Necrosis Hip: How to Examine a Suspected Case
6.1 History
6.2 Past Medical, Family, and Personal History
6.3 General Examination
6.4 Gait
6.5 Local Examination
6.6 Summary
References
7: AVN Hip: Radiology
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Pathophysiology
7.3 Radiological Features
7.3.1 Radiographs
7.3.2 CT
7.3.3 MRI
7.3.4 Nuclear Imaging
7.4 Predicting Subchondral Collapse
7.5 Radiological Differential Diagnosis
7.6 Summary