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Table of Contents
Intro
Preface
Contents
About the Authors
1 R Language: Introduction
1.1 R Introduction
1.2 R and S: History and Background
1.3 The R Foundation
1.4 What Is CRAN?
1.5 R-Forge
1.6 Why R Language?
1.6.1 What Does R Do?
1.7 R Packages: An Introduction
Bibliography
2 Obtaining and Installing R Language
2.1 Downloading and Installation of R
2.1.1 Running R
2.1.2 The R User Interface or Layout
2.1.3 Updating the R Installation
2.1.4 Accessing Available Data in R Packages
2.1.5 Choosing Repositories
2.1.6 Setting a Default CRAN Mirror
2.2 Managing Directories
2.3 R Session
2.4 Workspace
2.5 Command History
Bibliography
3 Using R as a Calculator
3.1 Computing Mathematical Expression in R
3.2 Basic Algebraic Expressions
3.3 Assigning Values to Variables
3.3.1 Rules for Naming a Variable
3.4 Logical Expressions
3.4.1 [basicstyle=]xor(x, Y) Exclusive OR
3.4.2 [basicstyle=]isTRUE(x)
3.5 Built-in Mathematical Functions
3.6 Built-in Constants
Bibliography
4 Data Mode and Data Structure
4.1 Mode: Physical Type
4.2 Class: Abstract Type
4.2.1 Numeric
4.2.2 Integer
4.2.3 Complex
4.2.4 Logical
4.2.5 Character
4.2.6 Date and Time
4.3 Data Structure
4.3.1 Vectors
4.3.2 Matrix
4.3.3 Factors
4.3.4 Data Frame
4.3.5 List
4.3.6 Arrays
4.4 Functions for Rounding of Numbers
Bibliography
5 Working with Data
5.1 Entering Data Within R
5.2 Saving and Loading Data
5.2.1 Loading Data
5.2.2 Saving Data
5.3 Editing Data
5.4 Importing from External Files
5.5 Importing Data from Different Software
5.6 Importing Data from Excel Files
5.7 Listing Variables
5.8 Exporting Data
5.9 Preparing and Managing Data
5.9.1 Appending Observations to a Data Set
5.9.2 Combining Data Sets
5.9.3 Converting Mode of Data and Structured Data Type
5.9.4 Binning Data
5.9.5 Subsetting
5.10 Data Cleaning
5.10.1 Checking Structure of Data
5.10.2 Checking Variables Names
5.10.3 Checking Missing/ Null Values
5.10.4 Imputing the Missing Values
5.10.5 Checking Data Type of a Variable
5.10.6 Removing Extra Spaces
5.10.7 Removing Duplicate Rows
5.10.8 Deleting Variables or Functions
5.11 Generating Data
5.11.1 Generating Numeric Sequences
5.11.2 Generating Factors
5.11.3 Generating Repetitions Patterns
5.12 Recycling Rule
5.13 Performing Vector Arithmetic
5.13.1 Some Basic Statistical Functions
Bibliography
6 Descriptive Statistics
6.1 Summary Statistics for Ungroup Data
6.1.1 Measures of Location
6.1.2 Measures of Position
6.1.3 Measures of Dispersion
6.2 Summary Statistics by Groups
6.2.1 Using [basicstyle=]tapply() Function
6.2.2 Using [basicstyle=]aggregate() Function
6.2.3 Using [basicstyle=]by() Function
6.2.4 Using [basicstyle=]describeBy() Function
6.3 Graphical Representation of Group Data
Preface
Contents
About the Authors
1 R Language: Introduction
1.1 R Introduction
1.2 R and S: History and Background
1.3 The R Foundation
1.4 What Is CRAN?
1.5 R-Forge
1.6 Why R Language?
1.6.1 What Does R Do?
1.7 R Packages: An Introduction
Bibliography
2 Obtaining and Installing R Language
2.1 Downloading and Installation of R
2.1.1 Running R
2.1.2 The R User Interface or Layout
2.1.3 Updating the R Installation
2.1.4 Accessing Available Data in R Packages
2.1.5 Choosing Repositories
2.1.6 Setting a Default CRAN Mirror
2.2 Managing Directories
2.3 R Session
2.4 Workspace
2.5 Command History
Bibliography
3 Using R as a Calculator
3.1 Computing Mathematical Expression in R
3.2 Basic Algebraic Expressions
3.3 Assigning Values to Variables
3.3.1 Rules for Naming a Variable
3.4 Logical Expressions
3.4.1 [basicstyle=]xor(x, Y) Exclusive OR
3.4.2 [basicstyle=]isTRUE(x)
3.5 Built-in Mathematical Functions
3.6 Built-in Constants
Bibliography
4 Data Mode and Data Structure
4.1 Mode: Physical Type
4.2 Class: Abstract Type
4.2.1 Numeric
4.2.2 Integer
4.2.3 Complex
4.2.4 Logical
4.2.5 Character
4.2.6 Date and Time
4.3 Data Structure
4.3.1 Vectors
4.3.2 Matrix
4.3.3 Factors
4.3.4 Data Frame
4.3.5 List
4.3.6 Arrays
4.4 Functions for Rounding of Numbers
Bibliography
5 Working with Data
5.1 Entering Data Within R
5.2 Saving and Loading Data
5.2.1 Loading Data
5.2.2 Saving Data
5.3 Editing Data
5.4 Importing from External Files
5.5 Importing Data from Different Software
5.6 Importing Data from Excel Files
5.7 Listing Variables
5.8 Exporting Data
5.9 Preparing and Managing Data
5.9.1 Appending Observations to a Data Set
5.9.2 Combining Data Sets
5.9.3 Converting Mode of Data and Structured Data Type
5.9.4 Binning Data
5.9.5 Subsetting
5.10 Data Cleaning
5.10.1 Checking Structure of Data
5.10.2 Checking Variables Names
5.10.3 Checking Missing/ Null Values
5.10.4 Imputing the Missing Values
5.10.5 Checking Data Type of a Variable
5.10.6 Removing Extra Spaces
5.10.7 Removing Duplicate Rows
5.10.8 Deleting Variables or Functions
5.11 Generating Data
5.11.1 Generating Numeric Sequences
5.11.2 Generating Factors
5.11.3 Generating Repetitions Patterns
5.12 Recycling Rule
5.13 Performing Vector Arithmetic
5.13.1 Some Basic Statistical Functions
Bibliography
6 Descriptive Statistics
6.1 Summary Statistics for Ungroup Data
6.1.1 Measures of Location
6.1.2 Measures of Position
6.1.3 Measures of Dispersion
6.2 Summary Statistics by Groups
6.2.1 Using [basicstyle=]tapply() Function
6.2.2 Using [basicstyle=]aggregate() Function
6.2.3 Using [basicstyle=]by() Function
6.2.4 Using [basicstyle=]describeBy() Function
6.3 Graphical Representation of Group Data