Intro
Preface
Contents
Part I: Anatomy and Histology of the Synovium
Normal Anatomy and Histology
1 Introduction
2 Gross Anatomy and Function
2.1 The Joints
2.2 The Synovial Joint
2.3 The Synovial Fluid
3 Histology of the Synovium
3.1 The Synovial Membrane
3.2 Synoviocytes
3.3 Subintima
4 Function of the Normal Synovium
4.1 Homeostasis of the Joint
4.2 Cytokine Production
5 Key Points
References
Part II: Classification, Pathology, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Classification of Synovial Tumors According to WHO 2020

1 Introduction
2 World Health Organization Classification
3 Grading
4 Redefinition and Reclassification
5 Key Points
References
Pathology, Genetics, and Molecular Biology
1 Introduction
2 Fibroma of the Tendon Sheath
2.1 Genetics and Molecular Biology
3 Synovial (Intra-articular) Nodular Fasciitis
3.1 Genetics and Molecular Biology
4 Synovial Hemangioma
4.1 Genetics and Molecular Biology
5 Synovial Lipoma
5.1 Genetics and Molecular Biology
6 Synovial Chondromatosis
6.1 Genetics and Molecular Biology
7 Synovial Sarcoma

7.1 Genetics and Molecular Biology
8 Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor
8.1 Genetics and Molecular Biology
9 Synovial Chondrosarcoma
9.1 Genetics and Molecular Biology
10 Other Very Rare Mesenchymal Tumors Arising in Synovium
11 Lymphomas
12 Metastatic Disease in the Synovium
13 Key Points
References
Part III: Imaging Modalities
Ultrasound of Synovial Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
1 Generalities
2 Ultrasound-Guided Synovial Biopsy
3 Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor
4 Primary Synovial Chondromatosis
5 Lipoma Arborescens

6 Synovial Hemangioma
7 Synovial Chondrosarcoma
8 Intra- and Periarticular Cysts
8.1 Synovial Cysts
8.2 Mucoid or Ganglion Cysts
8.2.1 Intra-articular Ganglion Cysts
8.2.1.1 Meniscal Cysts
8.2.1.2 Cruciate Ligament Cysts
8.2.1.3 Hoffa's Fat Pad Cysts
8.2.2 Extra-articular Ganglion Cyst
8.2.2.1 Spinoglenoid Notch Cyst
8.2.2.2 Intraneural Cyst
8.2.2.3 Cystic Adventitial Disease
8.2.2.4 Subperiosteal Cyst
9 Conclusion
10 Key Points
References
Radiography and CT in Synovial Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
1 Introduction
2 Techniques

2.1 Radiography
2.2 Computed Tomography (CT)
2.3 Dual-Energy Computed Tomography (DECT)
3 Anatomical Considerations
3.1 Synovial Joints
3.2 Periarticular Fat Planes
3.3 Tendons
3.4 Bursae
4 Anatomical Considerations of Some Common Synovial Joints
4.1 Shoulder
4.2 Elbow
4.3 Hip
4.4 Knee
4.5 Ankle
5 Pathological Considerations
5.1 Synovial Hemangioma
5.2 Juxta-Articular Myxoma
5.3 Lipoma Arborescens
5.4 TSGCT
5.5 Primary Synovial Chondromatosis
5.6 Synovial Chondrosarcoma
5.7 Synovial Metastasis