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Table of Contents
Intro
Introduction
Contents
Part I: The Spectrum of Asthma Epidemiology
Epidemiology of Asthma: Prevalence and Burden of Disease
Introduction to Asthma Epidemiology
Asthma Surveillance
Asthma Surveillance Programs
United States
Global Surveillance
The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Children (ISAAC)
The European Community Respiratory Health Survey
The World Health Surveys
Global Burden of Asthma
The Global Asthma Report
Challenges to Asthma Surveillance, Therapy, and Control
The Heterogeneity of Asthma
Environmental Exposures
Ethnic and Racial Diversity
Sexual Dimorphism
The Burden of Asthma
Asthma and the COVID-19 Pandemic
Future Directions: The Role of Digital Health
Summary
References
The Role of Climate Change in Asthma
Introduction
Air Pollution
Wildfires
Sand and Dust Storms
Global Warming, Flooding, and Thunderstorms
Mold Spores
Pollen
Health Disparities
Adaptation and Mitigation
Clinical Considerations
Population Health
Conclusion
References
Life Course of Asthma
Introduction: Time for a Paradigm Shift
The Prenatal Period and Asthma
Family History of Asthma
Prenatal Exposure to Tobacco Smoke
Prenatal Exposure to Pollution
Prenatal Exposure to Antibiotics
Prenatal Vitamin D Deficiency
Prenatal Diet and Asthma
Prenatal Maternal Obesity and Effects on Their Children
Prenatal Maternal Stress (MPS)
Epigenetics
Childhood Exposures and Features of Asthma
Childhood Asthma Studies and Lung Function Projections
Allergen Exposures During Childhood
Environmental Tobacco Smoke Around Children
Outdoor Air Pollution and Children
Antibiotics, the Microbiome, and Asthma in Children
Exposure to Endotoxin
Obesity and Asthma in Children
Gender, Puberty, and Asthma
"It Starts Early": Effect of Female Fetus on Maternal Asthma
Asthma Perception
Medication Adherence Differences
Hormonal Differences in Asthma
Asthma of Mothers During Pregnancy
Asthma and Menopause
Asthma in Transgender Individuals (Role of Hormonal Switch)
Asthma in Elders
Back to the Paradigm of Asthma
How Do We Engage with Our Patients Through the Lifespan of Asthma?
Conclusion
References
Asthma as a Systemic Disease: Cardiovascular Effects Associated with Asthma
Background, Epidemiology of Asthma, and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
Asthma, Cardiovascular Disease, and Systemic Inflammation
Early Atherosclerotic Process: Definitions of Arterial Injury in Asthma
Asthma and Endothelial Dysfunction in Adult Asthma Populations
Asthma and Carotid IMT in Adult Asthma Populations
Asthma and Arterial Stiffness in Adult Asthma Populations
Asthma and Carotid Plaque in Adult Asthma Populations
Asthma and Arterial Injury in Pediatric Populations
Studies of Asthma and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD) Events
Introduction
Contents
Part I: The Spectrum of Asthma Epidemiology
Epidemiology of Asthma: Prevalence and Burden of Disease
Introduction to Asthma Epidemiology
Asthma Surveillance
Asthma Surveillance Programs
United States
Global Surveillance
The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Children (ISAAC)
The European Community Respiratory Health Survey
The World Health Surveys
Global Burden of Asthma
The Global Asthma Report
Challenges to Asthma Surveillance, Therapy, and Control
The Heterogeneity of Asthma
Environmental Exposures
Ethnic and Racial Diversity
Sexual Dimorphism
The Burden of Asthma
Asthma and the COVID-19 Pandemic
Future Directions: The Role of Digital Health
Summary
References
The Role of Climate Change in Asthma
Introduction
Air Pollution
Wildfires
Sand and Dust Storms
Global Warming, Flooding, and Thunderstorms
Mold Spores
Pollen
Health Disparities
Adaptation and Mitigation
Clinical Considerations
Population Health
Conclusion
References
Life Course of Asthma
Introduction: Time for a Paradigm Shift
The Prenatal Period and Asthma
Family History of Asthma
Prenatal Exposure to Tobacco Smoke
Prenatal Exposure to Pollution
Prenatal Exposure to Antibiotics
Prenatal Vitamin D Deficiency
Prenatal Diet and Asthma
Prenatal Maternal Obesity and Effects on Their Children
Prenatal Maternal Stress (MPS)
Epigenetics
Childhood Exposures and Features of Asthma
Childhood Asthma Studies and Lung Function Projections
Allergen Exposures During Childhood
Environmental Tobacco Smoke Around Children
Outdoor Air Pollution and Children
Antibiotics, the Microbiome, and Asthma in Children
Exposure to Endotoxin
Obesity and Asthma in Children
Gender, Puberty, and Asthma
"It Starts Early": Effect of Female Fetus on Maternal Asthma
Asthma Perception
Medication Adherence Differences
Hormonal Differences in Asthma
Asthma of Mothers During Pregnancy
Asthma and Menopause
Asthma in Transgender Individuals (Role of Hormonal Switch)
Asthma in Elders
Back to the Paradigm of Asthma
How Do We Engage with Our Patients Through the Lifespan of Asthma?
Conclusion
References
Asthma as a Systemic Disease: Cardiovascular Effects Associated with Asthma
Background, Epidemiology of Asthma, and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
Asthma, Cardiovascular Disease, and Systemic Inflammation
Early Atherosclerotic Process: Definitions of Arterial Injury in Asthma
Asthma and Endothelial Dysfunction in Adult Asthma Populations
Asthma and Carotid IMT in Adult Asthma Populations
Asthma and Arterial Stiffness in Adult Asthma Populations
Asthma and Carotid Plaque in Adult Asthma Populations
Asthma and Arterial Injury in Pediatric Populations
Studies of Asthma and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD) Events