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Table of Contents
Intro
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Nomenclature
1 The Environment in the Solar System
1.1 Radiative Energy Balance of a Planet
1.1.1 Properties of a Black Body
1.1.2 The Effective Radiating Temperature
1.1.3 The Greenhouse Effect
1.2 The Point of View of Entropy
1.2.1 The Entropy Budget of a Planet
Bibliography
2 The Fluid Environment of the Earth
2.1 The Atmosphere
2.1.1 Chemical Composition
2.1.2 Atmospheric Pressure
2.1.3 Vertical Changes of Pressure and Temperature
2.1.4 The Point of View of Entropy
2.2 The Ocean
2.2.1 The Equation of State of Seawater
2.2.2 Incompressibility: Change of Pressure with Depth
Bibliography
3 Thermodynamics of the Atmosphere and the Ocean
3.1 Effects of Water Vapor
3.2 Static Stability of the Atmosphere
3.3 Static Stability of a Moist Atmosphere
3.4 Stability of Ocean Stratification
3.4.1 Potential Temperature and Density
Bibliography
4 Chemical Kinetics
4.1 Gas Phase Reactions
4.2 Photochemistry
4.3 Aqueous Solutions
Bibliography
5 Fluid Dynamics
5.1 Some Tool of the Trade
5.1.1 Total Derivative
5.1.2 Continuity Equation
5.1.3 The Diffusion Equation
5.2 The Equation of Motion in a Rotating Earth
5.3 Geostrophic Motion
5.3.1 The Effect of Friction
5.4 Thermal Wind Equation
5.5 Thermodynamic Equation
5.6 Equation of Vorticity
5.6.1 Some Implications: Rossby Waves and Zonal Flow
Bibliography
6 General Circulation of the Atmosphere
6.1 The Requirements for the General Circulation
6.2 The General Circulation of the Atmosphere
6.3 The Margules Formula
6.4 The Tropical Circulation
6.5 The Mid-latitude Circulation: The Ferrel Cell
6.5.1 Baroclinic Instability
6.6 The Circulation at Mid-latitude
Bibliography
7 General Circulation of the Ocean
7.1 The Wind Driven Circulation
7.1.1 The Ekman Pumping
7.1.2 The Sverdrup Balance
7.1.3 The Western Boundary Current
7.2 The Deep Circulation
7.2.1 The Mass Overturning Circulation (MOC)
7.2.2 A Few Numbers
7.2.3 The Horizontal Component
Bibliography
8 Biogeochemical Cycles
8.1 The Earth System
8.2 The Carbon Cycle
8.2.1 Carbonate Chemistry in the Ocean
8.2.2 How Much normal upper C normal upper O Subscript 2CO2 Takes up the Ocean
8.2.3 There Is a Way to Measure F?
8.3 Box Model of the Carbon Cycle
8.4 The Nitrogen Cycle
8.5 The Sulfur Cycle
8.5.1 The Sulfur Atmospheric Cycle
8.6 The Oxygen Cycle
Bibliography
9 Greenhouse Effect-Chemistry Climate Connection
9.1 The Height of the Troposphere
9.2 The Radiative Forcing
9.2.1 The Evaluation of the Radiative Forcing
9.3 Climate Sensitivity and Water Vapor Feedback
9.4 Cloud Feedback
9.5 Theory of Feedback
9.6 The Climate-Ocean Chemistry Connection
9.7 The Future of the Earth
Bibliography
10 The Perturbed Atmosphere
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Nomenclature
1 The Environment in the Solar System
1.1 Radiative Energy Balance of a Planet
1.1.1 Properties of a Black Body
1.1.2 The Effective Radiating Temperature
1.1.3 The Greenhouse Effect
1.2 The Point of View of Entropy
1.2.1 The Entropy Budget of a Planet
Bibliography
2 The Fluid Environment of the Earth
2.1 The Atmosphere
2.1.1 Chemical Composition
2.1.2 Atmospheric Pressure
2.1.3 Vertical Changes of Pressure and Temperature
2.1.4 The Point of View of Entropy
2.2 The Ocean
2.2.1 The Equation of State of Seawater
2.2.2 Incompressibility: Change of Pressure with Depth
Bibliography
3 Thermodynamics of the Atmosphere and the Ocean
3.1 Effects of Water Vapor
3.2 Static Stability of the Atmosphere
3.3 Static Stability of a Moist Atmosphere
3.4 Stability of Ocean Stratification
3.4.1 Potential Temperature and Density
Bibliography
4 Chemical Kinetics
4.1 Gas Phase Reactions
4.2 Photochemistry
4.3 Aqueous Solutions
Bibliography
5 Fluid Dynamics
5.1 Some Tool of the Trade
5.1.1 Total Derivative
5.1.2 Continuity Equation
5.1.3 The Diffusion Equation
5.2 The Equation of Motion in a Rotating Earth
5.3 Geostrophic Motion
5.3.1 The Effect of Friction
5.4 Thermal Wind Equation
5.5 Thermodynamic Equation
5.6 Equation of Vorticity
5.6.1 Some Implications: Rossby Waves and Zonal Flow
Bibliography
6 General Circulation of the Atmosphere
6.1 The Requirements for the General Circulation
6.2 The General Circulation of the Atmosphere
6.3 The Margules Formula
6.4 The Tropical Circulation
6.5 The Mid-latitude Circulation: The Ferrel Cell
6.5.1 Baroclinic Instability
6.6 The Circulation at Mid-latitude
Bibliography
7 General Circulation of the Ocean
7.1 The Wind Driven Circulation
7.1.1 The Ekman Pumping
7.1.2 The Sverdrup Balance
7.1.3 The Western Boundary Current
7.2 The Deep Circulation
7.2.1 The Mass Overturning Circulation (MOC)
7.2.2 A Few Numbers
7.2.3 The Horizontal Component
Bibliography
8 Biogeochemical Cycles
8.1 The Earth System
8.2 The Carbon Cycle
8.2.1 Carbonate Chemistry in the Ocean
8.2.2 How Much normal upper C normal upper O Subscript 2CO2 Takes up the Ocean
8.2.3 There Is a Way to Measure F?
8.3 Box Model of the Carbon Cycle
8.4 The Nitrogen Cycle
8.5 The Sulfur Cycle
8.5.1 The Sulfur Atmospheric Cycle
8.6 The Oxygen Cycle
Bibliography
9 Greenhouse Effect-Chemistry Climate Connection
9.1 The Height of the Troposphere
9.2 The Radiative Forcing
9.2.1 The Evaluation of the Radiative Forcing
9.3 Climate Sensitivity and Water Vapor Feedback
9.4 Cloud Feedback
9.5 Theory of Feedback
9.6 The Climate-Ocean Chemistry Connection
9.7 The Future of the Earth
Bibliography
10 The Perturbed Atmosphere