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Table of Contents
Intro
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Author
Part I Dissecting the Power System
1 The Curse of the Power System
1.1 Proposing the "Truck Model"
1.2 Frequency Corresponds to Tire Rotation Speed
1.3 Maintaining a Constant Speed Uphill and Downhill
1.4 Simultaneous and Equal Quantities
1.5 New Entrants Must Strictly Adhere to Consistent Speeds
1.6 The Power System is a Truck with No Brakes
1.7 Hundreds and Thousands of Trucks in a Synchronized March
1.8 Capricious Acceleration and Deceleration of Renewable Energy
1.9 The Curse of Power Systems
2 The Mechanism of Synchronous Power Systems
2.1 The Mechanism of Synchronous Generators
2.2 Rotating Magnetic Field Generates Current
2.3 Initiating Synchronous Operation of Generators
2.4 Synchronizing the Generator with the Grid
2.5 Increasing the Output of the Generator
2.6 Synchronous Generator Power Output and Parallel Operation
2.7 Giant Inertia of Generators and Instantaneous Voltage Sags
2.8 Detecting Electricity Demand
2.9 Power Flow Control Between Power Company Territories
2.10 The Speed of Light in Transmitting Electrical Energy
Reference
3 The Inevitability of Power Company Gigantism
3.1 The War of DC Versus AC
3.2 Frequency Constraints Lead to Monopolization of Regional Demand
3.3 Absorbing Smaller Power Companies and Becoming Massive
3.4 Easier Frequency and Voltage Control in Larger Power Systems
3.5 The Inevitability of Regional Monopolies
3.6 Delays in Technological Innovation Due to Total Cost-Based Pricing
References
4 The Power System's Struggle with Renewable Energy
4.1 Grid-Connection Mechanism for Renewable Energy Sources
4.2 Downward Reserve Insufficiency Problem
4.3 Preventing Stand-Alone Operation and Simultaneous Tripping Issue
4.4 The Surge of Renewable Energy and FIT
4.5 European Initiatives and Germany's Renewable Energy Act
4.6 Germany's Energy Transformation
4.7 Spain's Struggles as a Leader in Forecasting Technology
4.8 Emergence of Solar Power Connection Review Suspension Issue in Japan
4.9 Conditional Bidding for Mandatory Shutdown of Wind Power Plants
4.10 Manifestation of Contradictions Due to Increased Renewable Energy
References
Part II Digital Grid
5 Escaping the Curse of Power Systems
5.1 Challenges of Mass Renewable Energy Adoption
5.2 Is Grid Reinforcement the Answer?
5.3 Energy (kWh) and Power (kW)
5.4 Maintaining Grid Stability
5.5 Is Distributed Control the Solution?
5.6 The Enormous Utility of Asynchronous Interconnection
5.7 Escaping the Curse of Power Systems
References
6 The Birth of the Digital Grid
6.1 Inverter Technology for Asynchronous Interconnection
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Author
Part I Dissecting the Power System
1 The Curse of the Power System
1.1 Proposing the "Truck Model"
1.2 Frequency Corresponds to Tire Rotation Speed
1.3 Maintaining a Constant Speed Uphill and Downhill
1.4 Simultaneous and Equal Quantities
1.5 New Entrants Must Strictly Adhere to Consistent Speeds
1.6 The Power System is a Truck with No Brakes
1.7 Hundreds and Thousands of Trucks in a Synchronized March
1.8 Capricious Acceleration and Deceleration of Renewable Energy
1.9 The Curse of Power Systems
2 The Mechanism of Synchronous Power Systems
2.1 The Mechanism of Synchronous Generators
2.2 Rotating Magnetic Field Generates Current
2.3 Initiating Synchronous Operation of Generators
2.4 Synchronizing the Generator with the Grid
2.5 Increasing the Output of the Generator
2.6 Synchronous Generator Power Output and Parallel Operation
2.7 Giant Inertia of Generators and Instantaneous Voltage Sags
2.8 Detecting Electricity Demand
2.9 Power Flow Control Between Power Company Territories
2.10 The Speed of Light in Transmitting Electrical Energy
Reference
3 The Inevitability of Power Company Gigantism
3.1 The War of DC Versus AC
3.2 Frequency Constraints Lead to Monopolization of Regional Demand
3.3 Absorbing Smaller Power Companies and Becoming Massive
3.4 Easier Frequency and Voltage Control in Larger Power Systems
3.5 The Inevitability of Regional Monopolies
3.6 Delays in Technological Innovation Due to Total Cost-Based Pricing
References
4 The Power System's Struggle with Renewable Energy
4.1 Grid-Connection Mechanism for Renewable Energy Sources
4.2 Downward Reserve Insufficiency Problem
4.3 Preventing Stand-Alone Operation and Simultaneous Tripping Issue
4.4 The Surge of Renewable Energy and FIT
4.5 European Initiatives and Germany's Renewable Energy Act
4.6 Germany's Energy Transformation
4.7 Spain's Struggles as a Leader in Forecasting Technology
4.8 Emergence of Solar Power Connection Review Suspension Issue in Japan
4.9 Conditional Bidding for Mandatory Shutdown of Wind Power Plants
4.10 Manifestation of Contradictions Due to Increased Renewable Energy
References
Part II Digital Grid
5 Escaping the Curse of Power Systems
5.1 Challenges of Mass Renewable Energy Adoption
5.2 Is Grid Reinforcement the Answer?
5.3 Energy (kWh) and Power (kW)
5.4 Maintaining Grid Stability
5.5 Is Distributed Control the Solution?
5.6 The Enormous Utility of Asynchronous Interconnection
5.7 Escaping the Curse of Power Systems
References
6 The Birth of the Digital Grid
6.1 Inverter Technology for Asynchronous Interconnection