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Table of Contents
Intro
Foreword
Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Part I: Transformation of Indian Agriculture
1: Trends and Trajectory of Indian Agriculture
1.1 Chronology of Policy Reforms in Agriculture
1.2 What Comprises Indian Agriculture?
Box 1.1 Volumes of Different Commodities Produced in India, TE 2019-2020 (000? Tonnes)
1.3 Phases in Indian Agriculture
1.4 Agricultural Growth
1.5 Cropping Pattern
1.6 Dependence on Agriculture and Agrarian Structure
1.7 Domestic Marketing and Trade
Recent Marketing Reforms
1.8 Shift in Consumption Pattern
Box 1.2 Projected Demand of Major Food Commodities (Million Tonnes)
1.9 Conclusions
References
2: Food Supply and Security
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Period-Wise Food Security Strategies and Approaches
2.2.1 Pre-Green Revolution Period (1947-1965)
2.2.2 Green Revolution Period (1965-1980)
2.2.3 Post-Green Revolution Era (1980-1991)
2.2.4 Economic Reform Period (1991-2015)
2.2.5 One Nation, One Market (2015 Onwards)
2.3 Evolution of Technological and Institutional Provisions (1951-2021)
2.4 Changes in Food Availability (1951-2021)
2.5 Changes in Per Capita Availability (1951-2021)
2.6 Evolution of Institutional Framework
Box 2.1 Historical Legal and Regulatory Framework Related to Food Markets (Laws and Orders)
2.7 Demand and Supply Projections 2033
2.8 Evolution of Public Distribution System (PDS)
2.9 Malnutrition
2.10 Children
2.11 Increasing Exports
2.12 Inefficiencies in Procurement and PDS
2.13 FAO-Based Food and Nutrition Security Indicators
2.14 Aspects of Food and Nutrition Security
2.14.1 Food Availability
2.14.2 Food Access
2.14.3 Food Utilization
2.14.4 Food Stability
2.15 The Problem Analysis
2.16 Conclusions
References
3: Changing Structure of Rural Employment.
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Changing Rural Employment
3.3 Long-Run Changes in the Structure of Rural Employment
3.3.1 Gender-Wise Changes in the Rural Workforce
3.3.2 Occupation-Wise Changes in the Rural Workforce
3.4 Implications of Changes in Agricultural Labor on the Farm Economy
3.5 Conclusions
References
4: Agricultural Technologies
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Evolution of Agricultural Technologies in India
Agriculture in British India
Agriculture in Post-independence
4.2.1 Pre-green Revolution Period
4.2.2 Fertilizer Use
4.2.3 Package of Practices
4.2.4 Green Revolution
4.2.5 Yellow (Oilseed) Revolution
4.2.6 White Revolution
4.2.7 Blue Revolution
4.2.8 Pulses revolution Indiaþs
4.2.9 Agroprocessing
4.2.10 Remote Sensing Technology
4.2.11 Genetically Engineered Crop Varieties (Gene Revolution)
4.3 Technological Advancements
4.3.1 High-Yielding Varieties and Technologies
4.3.2 Modern Technologies
4.3.3 Genetically Modified Organisms
4.3.4 Nanotechnology
4.3.5 Protected Cultivation/Automated Structures
4.3.6 Farm Mechanization
4.3.7 Laser Land Leveling
4.3.8 Modern Irrigation Methods
4.3.9 Post-Harvest Technologies
4.3.10 Technologies for Drudgery Reduction
4.3.11 Biofortified Crops
4.3.12 Sustainable Technologies
4.3.13 Technology Transfer Tools
4.3.14 Scientific Organic Farming and Export of Organic Produce
4.4 Conclusions
References
5: Indian Seed Sector
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Status of the Seed Sector in the Pre-independence Era (up to 1947)
5.3 Seed Sector Development in the Pre-green Revolution Period (1947-1966)
5.4 Development of the Seed Sector During the Green Revolution Era (1966-1985)
5.5 Seed Sector During the Post-green Revolution Era (1985 Onwards)
5.6 Role of Seed Sector in Agricultural Growth.
5.6.1 Impact of Quality Seed on Food Grain Yield and Production
5.6.2 Status of Seed Requirement and Availability
5.6.3 Contribution of the Private Sector
5.6.4 Seed Replacement Rates
5.6.5 Varietal Replacement Rates
5.6.6 Seed Imports and Exports
5.7 Future Thrust Areas
5.7.1 Seed Production of Biofortified Varieties
5.7.2 Seed Production of GM/GE Crops
5.7.3 Seed Traceability
5.7.4 Networking of Seed
5.7.5 Climate-Resilient Seed Production Research
5.7.6 OECD Seed Schemes/EU Equivalence
5.7.7 Harmonization of Seed Legislations
5.7.8 Strengthening of Seed Chain
5.8 Conclusions
References
Part II: Food, Nutritional and Income Security: Role of Priority Crops and Allied Sectors
6: Rice
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Pre-independence and Pre-green Revolution Era (1940-1966)
6.3 Green Revolution Era (1967-1983)
6.4 Post-GR Era (1984-2020)
6.5 Rice Development Programs: Government Schemes, Salient Achievements
6.6 Future Strategies and Conclusions
References
7: Wheat
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Trends in Wheat Area, Production, and Productivity
7.3 Wheat Species and the Zones
7.4 Wheat Growing Season and Cultural Condition
7.5 Wheat Research in India: Chronological Perspective
7.5.1 Pre-independence Era
7.5.2 Post-independence Era
7.5.3 Wheat Improvement for Biotic Constraints
7.6 Advances in Technological Development
7.6.1 Cultivar Development
7.6.2 Resource Conservation Technologies
7.6.3 Crop Diversification
7.6.4 Plant Protection Technologies
7.6.5 Quality of Indian Wheat
7.7 Challenges Ahead
7.7.1 Stagnating Yield Potential
7.7.2 Unavailability of Quality Seeds and Low Seed Replacement
7.7.3 Global Climate Change
7.7.4 Restrictions to Germplasm Exchange in New IPR Regime.
7.7.5 Reduced Total Factor Productivity and Imbalanced Use of Fertilizers
7.7.6 Yield Gaps at the Farm Level
7.8 Future Strategies for Enhanced Production
7.8.1 Breaking Yield Barriers Through Genetic Enhancement
7.8.2 Molecular Approach for Precision Breeding
7.8.3 Tailoring Wheat Genotypes in Cropping System Perspective
7.8.4 Improved Varieties for Abiotic Stresses
7.8.5 Disease-Resistance Breeding
7.8.6 Access to Quality Seeds of Wheat
7.8.7 Conservation Agriculture
7.8.8 Integrated Water, Nutrient, and Weed Management
7.8.9 Diversification/Intercropping/Companion Cropping
7.8.10 Quality Improvement
7.8.11 Strengthening Linkages and Policy Issues
7.9 Conclusions
References
8: Maize and Millets
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Maize
8.2.1 Historical Perspective of Maize Improvement in India
8.2.1.1 Green Revolution Period
8.2.1.2 Improvement of Maize
8.2.1.3 Post-green Revolution Period
Hybrid Development in Maize
Productivity Challenge
Hybrid Production Technology
Plant Protection
Mechanization in Maize
Post-harvest Handling
Maize Value-Addition
Potential Scaling Up of Proven Technologies
Future Strategy
8.3 Sorghum
8.3.1 Historical Perspective of Sorghum Improvement in India
8.3.1.1 Green Revolution Period
8.3.1.2 Post-Green Revolution Period
Grain Sorghum Improvement
Hybrid Sorghum Development in Kharif
Varietal Improvement in Kharif Sorghum
Varietal Improvement in Rabi Sorghum
Hybrid Development in Rabi Sorghum
Forage Sorghum Improvement
Sweet Sorghum Improvement
8.3.2 Future Strategy
8.4 Pearl Millet
8.4.1 Coordinated System of Testing
8.4.1.1 Green Revolution Period
8.4.1.2 Post-green Revolution Period
8.4.2 Current Status of Pearl Millet Improvement in India.
8.4.3 Post-green Revolution Era: Impact of the Cultivation of These Crops and Consequences on Natural Resources and Environment
8.4.4 Future Strategy
8.5 Small Millets
8.5.1 Crop Improvement in Early Years
8.5.2 Green Revolution Period
8.5.3 Post-green Revolution Era: Impact of the Cultivation of These Crops and Consequences on Natural Resources and Environment
8.5.3.1 Crop Improvement Efforts During Coordinated Project Era
Genetic Resources Management
Utilization of Germplasm
Seed Production
Crop Production and Protection Technologies
8.5.4 Sub-Mission on Nutri Cereals
8.5.5 Future Strategy
8.6 Conclusions
References
9: Pulses
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Pulse Production in India: The Need of the Hour
9.3 Growth and Instability in Area, Production, and Yield of Pulses in India
9.4 Nutritive Value of Pulses and Protein Dependence
9.5 The Impact of the Green Revolution on Pulses
9.6 Developmental Stages of Pulse Production in India
9.6.1 Pre- and Early Phases of the Green Revolution (1960-1970)
9.6.2 Mature Phase of Green Revolution (1971-1990)
9.6.3 Comparative Performance: Pulses Versus Cereals
9.6.3.1 First Period: 1960-1970
9.6.3.2 Second Period: 1971-1990
9.6.3.3 Third Period: 1991-2000
9.6.3.4 Fourth Period: 2001 and Beyond
9.7 Pulse-Growing Areas for Balancing Ecosystem
9.8 Production Trends and Geographical Distribution
9.9 Constraints of Pulse Production in India
9.9.1 Extreme Weather Conditions
9.9.2 Unfavourable Weather Conditions
9.9.3 Unfavourable Soil Conditions
9.9.4 Agronomic Limitations
9.9.5 Huge Crop Loss Due to Insect Pests and Diseases
9.9.6 Biotic Constraints
9.9.6.1 Occurrence of Insect Pests and Diseases
9.9.7 Input Quality and Availability-Related Constraints
9.9.8 Varietal Constraints.
Foreword
Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Part I: Transformation of Indian Agriculture
1: Trends and Trajectory of Indian Agriculture
1.1 Chronology of Policy Reforms in Agriculture
1.2 What Comprises Indian Agriculture?
Box 1.1 Volumes of Different Commodities Produced in India, TE 2019-2020 (000? Tonnes)
1.3 Phases in Indian Agriculture
1.4 Agricultural Growth
1.5 Cropping Pattern
1.6 Dependence on Agriculture and Agrarian Structure
1.7 Domestic Marketing and Trade
Recent Marketing Reforms
1.8 Shift in Consumption Pattern
Box 1.2 Projected Demand of Major Food Commodities (Million Tonnes)
1.9 Conclusions
References
2: Food Supply and Security
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Period-Wise Food Security Strategies and Approaches
2.2.1 Pre-Green Revolution Period (1947-1965)
2.2.2 Green Revolution Period (1965-1980)
2.2.3 Post-Green Revolution Era (1980-1991)
2.2.4 Economic Reform Period (1991-2015)
2.2.5 One Nation, One Market (2015 Onwards)
2.3 Evolution of Technological and Institutional Provisions (1951-2021)
2.4 Changes in Food Availability (1951-2021)
2.5 Changes in Per Capita Availability (1951-2021)
2.6 Evolution of Institutional Framework
Box 2.1 Historical Legal and Regulatory Framework Related to Food Markets (Laws and Orders)
2.7 Demand and Supply Projections 2033
2.8 Evolution of Public Distribution System (PDS)
2.9 Malnutrition
2.10 Children
2.11 Increasing Exports
2.12 Inefficiencies in Procurement and PDS
2.13 FAO-Based Food and Nutrition Security Indicators
2.14 Aspects of Food and Nutrition Security
2.14.1 Food Availability
2.14.2 Food Access
2.14.3 Food Utilization
2.14.4 Food Stability
2.15 The Problem Analysis
2.16 Conclusions
References
3: Changing Structure of Rural Employment.
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Changing Rural Employment
3.3 Long-Run Changes in the Structure of Rural Employment
3.3.1 Gender-Wise Changes in the Rural Workforce
3.3.2 Occupation-Wise Changes in the Rural Workforce
3.4 Implications of Changes in Agricultural Labor on the Farm Economy
3.5 Conclusions
References
4: Agricultural Technologies
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Evolution of Agricultural Technologies in India
Agriculture in British India
Agriculture in Post-independence
4.2.1 Pre-green Revolution Period
4.2.2 Fertilizer Use
4.2.3 Package of Practices
4.2.4 Green Revolution
4.2.5 Yellow (Oilseed) Revolution
4.2.6 White Revolution
4.2.7 Blue Revolution
4.2.8 Pulses revolution Indiaþs
4.2.9 Agroprocessing
4.2.10 Remote Sensing Technology
4.2.11 Genetically Engineered Crop Varieties (Gene Revolution)
4.3 Technological Advancements
4.3.1 High-Yielding Varieties and Technologies
4.3.2 Modern Technologies
4.3.3 Genetically Modified Organisms
4.3.4 Nanotechnology
4.3.5 Protected Cultivation/Automated Structures
4.3.6 Farm Mechanization
4.3.7 Laser Land Leveling
4.3.8 Modern Irrigation Methods
4.3.9 Post-Harvest Technologies
4.3.10 Technologies for Drudgery Reduction
4.3.11 Biofortified Crops
4.3.12 Sustainable Technologies
4.3.13 Technology Transfer Tools
4.3.14 Scientific Organic Farming and Export of Organic Produce
4.4 Conclusions
References
5: Indian Seed Sector
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Status of the Seed Sector in the Pre-independence Era (up to 1947)
5.3 Seed Sector Development in the Pre-green Revolution Period (1947-1966)
5.4 Development of the Seed Sector During the Green Revolution Era (1966-1985)
5.5 Seed Sector During the Post-green Revolution Era (1985 Onwards)
5.6 Role of Seed Sector in Agricultural Growth.
5.6.1 Impact of Quality Seed on Food Grain Yield and Production
5.6.2 Status of Seed Requirement and Availability
5.6.3 Contribution of the Private Sector
5.6.4 Seed Replacement Rates
5.6.5 Varietal Replacement Rates
5.6.6 Seed Imports and Exports
5.7 Future Thrust Areas
5.7.1 Seed Production of Biofortified Varieties
5.7.2 Seed Production of GM/GE Crops
5.7.3 Seed Traceability
5.7.4 Networking of Seed
5.7.5 Climate-Resilient Seed Production Research
5.7.6 OECD Seed Schemes/EU Equivalence
5.7.7 Harmonization of Seed Legislations
5.7.8 Strengthening of Seed Chain
5.8 Conclusions
References
Part II: Food, Nutritional and Income Security: Role of Priority Crops and Allied Sectors
6: Rice
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Pre-independence and Pre-green Revolution Era (1940-1966)
6.3 Green Revolution Era (1967-1983)
6.4 Post-GR Era (1984-2020)
6.5 Rice Development Programs: Government Schemes, Salient Achievements
6.6 Future Strategies and Conclusions
References
7: Wheat
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Trends in Wheat Area, Production, and Productivity
7.3 Wheat Species and the Zones
7.4 Wheat Growing Season and Cultural Condition
7.5 Wheat Research in India: Chronological Perspective
7.5.1 Pre-independence Era
7.5.2 Post-independence Era
7.5.3 Wheat Improvement for Biotic Constraints
7.6 Advances in Technological Development
7.6.1 Cultivar Development
7.6.2 Resource Conservation Technologies
7.6.3 Crop Diversification
7.6.4 Plant Protection Technologies
7.6.5 Quality of Indian Wheat
7.7 Challenges Ahead
7.7.1 Stagnating Yield Potential
7.7.2 Unavailability of Quality Seeds and Low Seed Replacement
7.7.3 Global Climate Change
7.7.4 Restrictions to Germplasm Exchange in New IPR Regime.
7.7.5 Reduced Total Factor Productivity and Imbalanced Use of Fertilizers
7.7.6 Yield Gaps at the Farm Level
7.8 Future Strategies for Enhanced Production
7.8.1 Breaking Yield Barriers Through Genetic Enhancement
7.8.2 Molecular Approach for Precision Breeding
7.8.3 Tailoring Wheat Genotypes in Cropping System Perspective
7.8.4 Improved Varieties for Abiotic Stresses
7.8.5 Disease-Resistance Breeding
7.8.6 Access to Quality Seeds of Wheat
7.8.7 Conservation Agriculture
7.8.8 Integrated Water, Nutrient, and Weed Management
7.8.9 Diversification/Intercropping/Companion Cropping
7.8.10 Quality Improvement
7.8.11 Strengthening Linkages and Policy Issues
7.9 Conclusions
References
8: Maize and Millets
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Maize
8.2.1 Historical Perspective of Maize Improvement in India
8.2.1.1 Green Revolution Period
8.2.1.2 Improvement of Maize
8.2.1.3 Post-green Revolution Period
Hybrid Development in Maize
Productivity Challenge
Hybrid Production Technology
Plant Protection
Mechanization in Maize
Post-harvest Handling
Maize Value-Addition
Potential Scaling Up of Proven Technologies
Future Strategy
8.3 Sorghum
8.3.1 Historical Perspective of Sorghum Improvement in India
8.3.1.1 Green Revolution Period
8.3.1.2 Post-Green Revolution Period
Grain Sorghum Improvement
Hybrid Sorghum Development in Kharif
Varietal Improvement in Kharif Sorghum
Varietal Improvement in Rabi Sorghum
Hybrid Development in Rabi Sorghum
Forage Sorghum Improvement
Sweet Sorghum Improvement
8.3.2 Future Strategy
8.4 Pearl Millet
8.4.1 Coordinated System of Testing
8.4.1.1 Green Revolution Period
8.4.1.2 Post-green Revolution Period
8.4.2 Current Status of Pearl Millet Improvement in India.
8.4.3 Post-green Revolution Era: Impact of the Cultivation of These Crops and Consequences on Natural Resources and Environment
8.4.4 Future Strategy
8.5 Small Millets
8.5.1 Crop Improvement in Early Years
8.5.2 Green Revolution Period
8.5.3 Post-green Revolution Era: Impact of the Cultivation of These Crops and Consequences on Natural Resources and Environment
8.5.3.1 Crop Improvement Efforts During Coordinated Project Era
Genetic Resources Management
Utilization of Germplasm
Seed Production
Crop Production and Protection Technologies
8.5.4 Sub-Mission on Nutri Cereals
8.5.5 Future Strategy
8.6 Conclusions
References
9: Pulses
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Pulse Production in India: The Need of the Hour
9.3 Growth and Instability in Area, Production, and Yield of Pulses in India
9.4 Nutritive Value of Pulses and Protein Dependence
9.5 The Impact of the Green Revolution on Pulses
9.6 Developmental Stages of Pulse Production in India
9.6.1 Pre- and Early Phases of the Green Revolution (1960-1970)
9.6.2 Mature Phase of Green Revolution (1971-1990)
9.6.3 Comparative Performance: Pulses Versus Cereals
9.6.3.1 First Period: 1960-1970
9.6.3.2 Second Period: 1971-1990
9.6.3.3 Third Period: 1991-2000
9.6.3.4 Fourth Period: 2001 and Beyond
9.7 Pulse-Growing Areas for Balancing Ecosystem
9.8 Production Trends and Geographical Distribution
9.9 Constraints of Pulse Production in India
9.9.1 Extreme Weather Conditions
9.9.2 Unfavourable Weather Conditions
9.9.3 Unfavourable Soil Conditions
9.9.4 Agronomic Limitations
9.9.5 Huge Crop Loss Due to Insect Pests and Diseases
9.9.6 Biotic Constraints
9.9.6.1 Occurrence of Insect Pests and Diseases
9.9.7 Input Quality and Availability-Related Constraints
9.9.8 Varietal Constraints.