Chapter 1. Introduction
Diplomacy
Political Context
Sources
Chapter 2. Perception and Practice in Carolingian Diplomacy with the Islamic World
Problems of Perspective
Considering the Other
Christ and Belial
Envoys
Travel
Reception
Gifts
Eating the Fish
Chapter 3. Carolingian Diplomacy with the 'Abbāsid Caliphate
Existential Questions
Motivations
The Alliance System
Patriarchs and Politics
Prestige Diplomacy

First Contact: Pippin III and al-Manṣūr (767-768)
Charlemagne and Hārūn al-Rashīd
The Elephant in the Room
The End of Carolingian Diplomacy with the ʻAbbāsid Caliphs (831)
Chapter 4. Carolingian-Umayyad Diplomacy, Part 1: 751-820
The Frontier
The Beginning of Carolingian Relations with the Umayyads, 751-793
Sulaymān, Charlemagne, and the Roncesvalles Campaign, 777-781
An Unusual Proposition
My Girona, 781-793
751-793 Conclusion
The Franks on the Offensive, 796-812
Useless Peace, 810-820
Conclusion

Chapter 5. Carolingian-Umayyad Diplomacy, Part 2: 820-864
Disaster on the Frontier, 820-830
Leaders and Tribunes
Lights in the Sky
Charles the Bald and Umayyad Spain, 840-864
The Son of Evil, 847-851
Rebels and Vikings, 863-864
The Third King of Spain
The Martyrs of Córdoba
The End of Carolingian-Umayyad Diplomacy
Chapter 6. The Central Mediterranean: The Limits of Carolingian Diplomacy with the Islamic World
The Second Part of the World: Charlemagne and North Africa
All-Out War: The Emirates of Italy
Dogs in the Nighttime

Conclusion. Death of an Elephant.