@article{1478407,
      author = {Fremont-Smith, Marion R.,  and Fremont-Smith, Marion R, },
      url = {http://library.usi.edu/record/1478407},
      title = {Governing Nonprofit Organizations : Federal and State Law  and Regulation /},
      abstract = {The nonprofit sector is a vital component of our society  and is allowed the greatest freedom to operate. The public  understandably assumes that since nonprofit organizations  are established to do good, the people who run nonprofits  are altruistic, and the laws governing nonprofits have  reflected this assumption. But as Marion Fremont-Smith  argues, the rules that govern how nonprofits operate are  inadequate, and the regulatory mechanisms designed to  enforce the rules need improvement. Despite repeated  instances of negligent management, self-interest at the  expense of the charity, and outright fraud, nonprofits  continue to receive minimal government regulation. In this  time of increased demand for corporate accountability, the  need to strengthen regulation of nonprofits is obvious.  Fremont-Smith addresses this need from a historical, legal,  and organizational perspective. She combines summaries and  analysis of the substantive legal rules governing the  behavior of charitable officers, directors, and trustees  with descriptions of the federal and state regulatory  schemes designed to enforce these rules. Her unique and  exhaustive historical survey of the law of nonprofit  organizations provides a foundation for her analysis of the  effectiveness of current law and proposals for its  improvement. Table of Contents: Preface 1. The Nonprofit  Sector in the Twenty-First Century The Legal Meaning of  Charity Size and Characteristics of the Nonprofit Sector  Current Challenges for Specific Components of the Sector  Religious Organizations Health Care Organizations  Educational Organizations Human and Social Service  Organizations Arts and Cultural Organizations Foundations  and Other Grantmakers How Extensive Is Wrongdoing in the  Sector? Policy Issues Facing the Nonprofit Sector in the  Twenty-First Century 2. A Brief History of the Law of  Charities Introduction Evolution of Charities in Early  Society Islamic Foundations Charities in England  Development of Trusts Restrictions on Charitable Gifts The  Statute of Charitable Uses The Role of the Attorney General  and the Charity Commission Regulation of Charities after  1950 Developments in Substantive Charity Law after 1601  Charitable Corporations Charities in the United States  Development of the Law of Charitable Trusts Charitable  Purposes Charitable Corporations State Regulation of  Charities Federal Regulation of Charities: The Internal  Revenue Code Deductibility of Contributions Federal  Reporting and Disclosure Requirements Congressional  Investigations of Charities prior to 1969 The Walsh  Commission The Cox and Reece Committees The Patman  Committee 1965 Treasury Department Report on Private  Foundations Tax Reform Act of 1969 Reactions to the Tax  Reform Act from the Nonprofit Sector The Peterson  Commission The Filer Commission Congressional Activity  after the Tax Reform Act of 1969 Private Foundations  Lobbying by Public Charities Unfair Competition with Small  Businesses Standards for Exemption of Hospitals Regulation  of Church Activities Relief for Victims of the Terrorist  Attacks of September 2001 The Effectiveness of the IRS as  Regulator Major Expansion of Federal Regulation:  Intermediate Sanctions for Excess Benefit Transactions  Other Changes in Substantive Laws after 1970 Changing  Parameters of the Definition of Charitable Purposes  Application of the Public Policy Doctrine to Definitions of  Charitable Purposes State Action Limitations on Charitable  Purposes: The Subsidy Theory Lobbying UBIT and Commercial  Activities Regulation of Public Companies and Auditing  Firms in 2002 and 2003 Treasury Department Anti-Terrorist  Financing Guidelines Conclusion ‹/},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674037298},
      recid = {1478407},
      pages = {1 online resource (570 p.)},
}